Shoul Gays Be allowed to Marry essays

Shoul Gay's Be permitted to Marry expositions Should Gays Be Allowed to Marry in the United States? The legitimization of same sex relationships has gotten one of the most significant household issues in the United States. Spent eight years prior and marked by President Clinton, The Defense of Marriage Act, characterizes marriage as the lawful relationship between one man and one lady as a couple. Numerous individuals despite everything accept that marriage can likewise be between two individuals of a similar sex; in any case, more individuals are against same sex relationships for some reasons. The absolute first development to open common union with same sex couples was effective in 1993 with the choice made by the Hawaii Supreme Court that would limit same sex relationships, assuming them to be unlawful. The main way that the state would even consider marriage between two individuals of a similar sex was if the state could show that it facilitated a convincing state intrigue (Lute). At that point in 1998, a comparative court choice was made in Alaska pronouncing that marriage was characterized between a man and a lady in particular (Lute). There are numerous different states that concur with these two states. For example, in 2000, the individuals of California supported a battle that would boycott gay relationships. As Alaska expressed the individuals of California likewise accept that marriage ought to stay between a man and a lady (Jordan). At that point in Minnesota the court decided that equivalent sex couples have no legitimate option to wed since they feel that marriage is a normally hetero commitment, an association of a man and a lady, that includes the multiplication and sustaining of youngsters (Hohengarten). The Bible likewise talks on being productive. Kentucky additionally accepts that no court or resolutions of the state could decline giving a permit to same sex couples, but instead by their own failure of going into a marriage that characterizes that term marriage as above (Hohengarten). Here you see that the territory of Kentucky may concur with same sex relationships, yet in th... <!

National Language Essay Example For Students

Wireless Speech Recognition -- Essays Papers

Remote Speech Recognition Presentation In the present consistently evolving world, brimming with innovation, there are numerous advances being made in the realm of registering. This can be seen a lot in the region of discourse acknowledgment. Machines, PCs explicitly, are connecting increasingly more with people and these communications would now be able to be driven by human discourse. For this innovation to be utilized at its most noteworthy potential it should be reasonable and available to all individuals in a wide range of machines. This innovation will be seen from handheld PCs and PCs to lighting frameworks and coolers in your home(Deroult). This change is as of now happening as discourse acknowledgment innovation is advancing into our general public in things, for example, mobile phones, extravagance vehicles, and PCs. We will see increasingly more of this in our general public until the innovation has worked its route totally into our general public and is basic in numerous homes and workplaces. History of Speech Recognition The innovation of discourse acknowledgment has progressed significantly and it is loaded up with numerous fruitless endeavors at making an interpretation of the human voice into something that a machine can comprehend, decipher, and execute an order from likewise. A large number of society's perspectives on discourse acknowledgment is a mechanical, unoriginal view, fundamentally the same as HAL in the film 2001 : A Space Odyssey. We are currently in the year 2001 and we are route past HAL in the field of discourse acknowledgment. The innovation has progressed significantly from having the option to distinguish just monotone, machine like language on a conflicting premise. The present innovations train the machine to figure out how the client talks, and recognize the speed of the client's discourse, distinguish any complement the client may have, and different angles that make each... ...rs that are not seen by people. These PCs will be all over and will fall into the setting of society. As they become increasingly significant and imperative they will turn out to be less and less prominent and will make our lives simpler gratitude to discourse acknowledgment. List of sources/Works Cited http://www.zdnet.co.uk/pcmag/supp/1998/discourse/Guide to Speech Recognition, PC Magazine. http://www.advisor.com/Articles.nsf/ID/OA000107.DERO01 The Future of Speech Recognition, Deroult, Anne-Marie. http://www.netbytel.com/writing/e-gram/technical3.htm History of Speech Recognition, NetByTel e-gram Bates, Regis J.. (2000). Voice and Data Communications Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y.. Hapgood, Fred. (2001) Speech interfaces are prepared to tune in. CIO Lamont, Ian (June 6, 2001) Speech acknowledgment innovation will hear you currently Network World (June, 2001), pp34-40

Easy Scholarships to Win How to Find and Apply

Simple Scholarships to Win How to Find and Apply SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Applying for grants can be upsetting and tedious, particularly if you’re taking a gander at extremely serious honors. Wouldn’t it be ideal to apply for grants thatyou realized you had a great taken shots at winning? On the off chance that you need to get your hands on some simple grant cash, you’re in the ideal spot. To start with, I’ll talk a smidgen about being a simple to-win grant. At that point, I’ll get to the great stuff by guiding you to the spots you should search for these honors - you may be shocked at where you can discover them - and how to assemble an effective application. What Makes a Scholarship Easy to Win? With a considerable lot of the well known national grants (like the Gates Millennium orCoca-Colaawards), you’re contending with a few a huge number of candidates forvery enormous aggregates of money.Even if you’re an extraordinary understudy, and you meet all the capabilities, your odds of winning the grant will be truly thin only because of the sheer number of understudies applying. At the point when we talk about simple grants to win, we’re discussing grants where you have a vastly improved possibility of leaving with some cash (regardless of whether the sum is relativelysmall). There are not many grants where an honor is ensured as long as you meetall grant rules (despite the fact that they do exist - I’ll get to them later).Ultimately, you can’t tally 100% on winning mostscholarships, however you can search for grants where your odds of winning are in any event higher than normal. A Small Note: Easy to Win Vs.Easy to Apply There are a huge amount of grants out there with short, basic, simple applications.Although it’s keen to apply to grants like these - dislike you’re burning through much time or vitality on the application - a simple application isn't equivalent to a simple success. These very straightforward applications likely pull in a huge amount of candidates. It’s like playing the lottery (aside from free) - it doesn’t hurt, however dislike you can depend on the rewards. At long last, on the off chance that you go over a grant application that is unrealistic, it most likely is.If a grant association implies to ensure rewards to candidates - particularly if the application requests that you submit delicate data (like your SSN) or even installment - it's presumably a trick. Be cautious about giving out touchy data - ensure that your applications will real associations As you may have acknowledged at this point, there is no short rundown of simple grants to win for all understudies. So as to discover such grants, you'll need to do a touch of legwork. These next three stages will walk you through all that you have to think about finding (and winning) simple honors. Step #1: Apply for Niche Awards Perhaps the most ideal approaches to discover simple grants to win is to search for grants with little, specialty candidate pools. The littler the gathering of potential candidates, the less rivalry you need to manage. Grants that are principally searching for understudies with amazing evaluations and authority potential are not what we’re discussing here (in spite of the fact that that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t apply to those grants). You may need to invest some energy considering what your â€Å"niche† may be, yet trust me - this time will be very much spent. You can begin by considering one of a kind interests/aptitudes, foundations, and club/bunch affiliations you have. You’ll find numerous specialty grants focused towards understudies who meet these increasingly explicit models. For instance, the College Board’s grant search starts with an overview dependent on a significant number of the measures recorded beneath - on the off chance that you relate to any of the things recorded underneath, you may discover better and increasingly explicit specialty grant matches. This rundown isn’t comprehensive, however it covers the most significant bases. You can either utilize these inquiry terms in grant explicit pursuit instruments or in Google to discover grant matches. Here’s your primer conceptualizing list for specialty grants: Uncommon Interests or Skills Expressions: music, move, other visual expressions Network administration Discussion Social liberties or social equity exercises Composing/Journalism Uncommon Background Ethnic or racial foundation Strict foundation LGBTQ Physical or learning inability Wellbeing conditions Individual/family veteran status Explicit Club or Group Affiliation There are beyond any reasonable amount to list, however a couple of models on the College Board grant search include: Society of Women Engineers Local Daughters of the Golden West NAACP Falcon Scouts Need to manufacture the most ideal school application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best confirmations counseling administration. We consolidate world-class confirmations instructors with our information driven, restrictive affirmations procedures. We've administered a large number of understudies get into their top decision schools, from state universities to the Ivy League. We realize what sorts of understudies schools need to concede. We need to get you admitted to your fantasy schools. Become familiar with PrepScholar Admissions to boost your opportunity of getting in. Step #2: Apply for Local Scholarships Nearby grants are specialty by definition - they’re just truly implied for understudies living in your specific territory. They’re regularly littler and less serious than the enormous national honors, which implies your odds ofwalking ceaselessly with rewards are greatly improved. Narrowing your geographic concentrate likewise implies narrowing your opposition You can scan for nearby honors in a couple of various ways: Online grant search apparatuses (coming soon) - This is the most straightforward approach to get moment access to enormous measures of information. Enter geographic data into grant explicit pursuit apparatuses, andGoogleâ€Å"[your old neighborhood/district/state] scholarship† to locate the most well known outcomes. Your direction or school instructor - They will in general be connected to neighborhood grant projects, and they may even fill in as a source of perspective or letter-author for suggestions. Neighborhood people group or social focuses - These are center points of nearby action that may have information on nearby grant programs. They may much offer grants themselves! Need progressively itemized data? We have an entire manual for finding and winning neighborhood grants. Step #3: Check Out Ensured Scholarships Ensured grants are grants that you’ll win regardless, as long as you meet the entirety of the qualification necessities. A significant number of these prerequisites includestrict scholastic measures (for example least government sanctioned grades, GPA). There are many schools and colleges that give out these ensured merit grants if you’re 1) acknowledged to the school, and 2) have those base grades or GPA.Often, your school application is viewed as your grant application - you’ll be consequently considered for awardswhen you apply to the school.Sometimes, you’ll need to look at schools’ merit grants all alone and submit separate applications. To get more data, you’ll needto have a particular school as a main priority. Here are the means you should take to look into conceivable legitimacy grants at a specific school: Google â€Å"[school name] merit scholarships† - most schools have a different page assigned only for these sorts of grant grants. Ensure the grants you find are assigned for â€Å"entering freshman† - a few honors might be implied uniquely for upperclassmen or graduate understudies. Verify whether the school makes an assignment between in-state and out-of-state candidates (numerous open schools and colleges do). Some state schools will give greater grants to non-inhabitant candidates if out-of-state educational cost is higher.There may likewise be contrasts in grant prerequisites. At long last, verify whether there is a different application (separate from your school application, that is) or uniquedeadline. Grant cash is regularly constrained, so you may help your odds of winning money by applying prior. To peruse increasingly about schools that offer cash dependent on scholastic execution, read our guide on ensured grants dependent on ACT/SAT scores. Finalizing the Negotiation: Put Together an Awesome Application Once you’ve found the most encouraging simple to-win grants, you’ll need to finish by presenting the most ideal applications. Here are the most significant strides to assembling a triumphant grant application: Ensure you meet all qualification criteria.Miss only one and you’re likely burning through your time by presenting a full application.Some commonrequirements to pay special mind to incorporate class year, money related need, least GPA, and least SAT/ACT scores. Inquire as to whether you’re a decent fit.This is regularly the distinction between a low and high probability of winning an honor. Is it accurate to say that you are the intended interest group here, or do you just in fact meet all requirements for the grant? Underline your ideological connections to the grant program (and your connections to the network, if pertinent). How do your qualities line up with that of the grant program? How are you a functioning member in that network, geographic or something else? You’re bound to win if your qualities and goalsare consistent with thoseof the grant association. Complete ALL PARTS of the application.Before you even beginning an application, ensure you’ll have the option to give all the documentation that the grant requests. Plan on presenting the application in the specific way that’s asked of you (regardless of whether that’s by means of email, fax, snail mail, and so forth.). Try to meet the deadline.Submit a late application and you’re liable to be precluded. In case your application isn't automati

Zeus Essay -- essays research papers

Zeus was the child of Cronus and Rhea, a previous race of administering divine beings called Titans. Cronus was lord of the considerable number of Titans. Zeus was the sibling of Hades and Poseidon, Hades was the divine force of the black market and Poseidon was the divine force of the ocean. Together they toppled their dad and the remainder of the Titans. All thanks was because of Zeus for the dethrowning of Cronus. Before cronus ever had youngsters he heard a prediction that one of his offsprings would oust him, so at whatever point his significant other would have a kid he would swallow it. At that point, after he had gulped numerous children, she brought forth Zeus. She became exceptionally enamored with him, until Cronus called her to give him the child so he could swallow it. She shrouded Zeus in a cavern, and she gave Cronus a stone enveloped by fabric. he gulped it entire simply like different children. Throughout the years Zeus developed more grounded and more astute. At that point, when all was good and well he stood up to his dad and kicked him in the stomach. The stun from this made Cronus upchuck the divine beings, which were all completely developed at this point. Zeus and his kindred divine beings toppled Cronus and the Titans. Zeus what's more, his siblings concluded who might administer over what- Zeus...god of the sky Poseidon...god of the ocean Hades...god of the black market All the divine beings shared the earth together. In the entirety of Zeus' photos he is delineated with a facial hair and muscles. He's likewise for the most part holding a lighting jolt. Zeus wedded Hera, whom was likewise his sister. He camouflaged...

The Use of Direct Comparisons and Contrast Essays

The Use of Direct Comparisons and Contrast EssaysIf you are looking for samples of comparison and contrast essay writing, you are in the right place. We all want to write a great essay that contains a ton of information but the problem is most students are too lazy to do this task. That is why I wrote this article for you, to show you the right techniques on how to make sure you write a strong comparison and contrast essay.Comparison and contrast essays are an important part of an essay, because they help the reader to better understand the subject of the essay. This is why you need to take the time to develop a strong comparison and contrast essay.The purpose of a comparison and contrast essay is to use words and language that most clearly demonstrate the differences between the two parties that are being compared. This will ensure that the information presented by you is not only accurate but also effective.One of the biggest pitfalls that any student can commit when it comes to wr iting essays is committing mistakes. You need to realize that there are many different ways that you can compare and contrast an argument, and one of the biggest ways is through the use of pictures.Comparisons and contrasts that are done this way do not only benefit you and your reader, but they also benefit your potential employer as well. If you use pictures effectively, you will give him or her a clear idea of what the two parties are fighting about.If you don't want to resort to using pictures to make your essay look complex, you can always use a direct comparison and contrast essay that give your reader an exact product in contrast to what the other party is trying to sell. Here are some examples of direct comparisons and contrasts that you can use to impress your reader and make sure that your prospective employer knows exactly what you are talking about.'Credit card companies can give you the best deals. Yet the companies try to make you think they're bad for you.' Let's take a look at how we can use this example to help us learn more about how to compare and contrast.First, let's find out who is saying that credit card companies are the best and secondly, let's find out what your readers are saying about credit card companies. After finding out who you are comparing yourself to, you can decide which company is better and thus, find out why you should or shouldn't use the company. In conclusion, using a direct comparison and contrast to prove a point is not only easy to do, but it is very effective.

Politics and Welfare Coursework - 2200 Words

Politics and Welfare (Coursework Sample) Content: Students NameProfessors NameCourse NameDate of SubmissionTheory of the Origins of WarThe issue of the origins of war has become a significant point of controversy in the modern century. The continuous debate has comprised numerous scholars, public academicians, and journalists of the past century. There are diverse hypothesis but there is the absence of general consent as to what the theories of the causes of war entail. Additionally, contemporary scholars from different fields, such as political science, are experiencing challenges in assessing the suitable ways to study them. This was clearly brought out from the approaches of various disciplines including philosophy, psychology, sociology, and others. As a result of this, political science has emerged out as comprising convincing hypothesis on the origins of war due to its ontological and epistemological approach (Fromkin 115). It is still more apparent that this field constitutes an exceptional place in the analys is of war. Prominent academicians from diverse disciplines elaborate war as a substantial organized rampage between bureaucratic institutions. Some renowned political analyst stresses that war is an essentially political phenomenon that is a perpetuation of politics by other approaches (Fromkin 129). In similar terms, if war is a means of politics to promote the interests of the governmental institution, then the meaning of battle needs new comprehensions. It requires a justification of the reasons why the legitimate decision makers of legal organizations selected military force instead of relying on other approaches. These would have been effective ways to resort interests to settle conflicts with their political opponents. In other words, wars constitute both reaching resolution and a strategic interplay between opposing political units. For this reason, this essay will specify a complete assessment of the hypothesis of the origins of war. The decisive theory of the roots of war i s the fall of balance of power to the integral anarchy. This hypothesis indicates that the political processes within a particular multi-state system will typically limit hegemony (Magagna 1). These political processes within the countries may constitute of internal balancing, imitation, and external stabilization. Furthermore, the philosophers of the balance of power emphasize that the dilemmas of uncertainty, mutual action, and regional level impediments to stabilization can be settled endogenously (Magagna 5). Due to this, the measures adopted by these states can bring the system into balance. The year of 1814 witnessed the great powers of Europe coming together at the Congress of Vienna to develop the map of Europe after the fall of Napoleon. Its main purpose was to avoid another instance of a French invasion. To achieve this goal, the Foreign Minister of Austria Von Matternich and British Foreign Secretary seemingly formulated the theory of balance of power. The indication of t his doctrine was to strengthen Frances entire neighbourhood in an effort to build up former borders. This significant congress integrated various European nations such as Netherlands, Great Britain, and France with common interests. Subsequently, the Italian region of Piedmont was merged with Sardinia into the Empire of Sardinia under a new sovereignty to counterbalance France on the South East. It ensured that if the nations around France are powerful enough their power will balance out the possible military ability of Paris. However, this theory had a strong influence for almost a century but eventually broke down after the World War I. As time elapsed, and French invasion appeared less and less probable, a more intricate Europe arose. The unification of Italy and Germany as powerful states disturbed the balance of power. There were new growing nations in the game of geopolitics, such as the USA. The doctrine did not succeed, and Europe failed to respond to the new political proce sses (Fromkin 211). The instability of the balance of power facilitated the European alliances of collective defense that was another significant origin of the war (Magagna 5). Nations throughout Europe formed mutual defense treaties that would entangle them into a world war. These agreements implied that if a specific nation was militarily attacked, the allied nations were obligated to provide it with militant support. Before the outbreak of the war there were dominant alliances, such as Serbia and Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany, Japan and Britain. World War I arose when Austria- Hungary declared war on Serbia, and Russia got to it to protect Serbia to meet its defense alliance terms (McPherson 127). Interestingly, superior Germany observing Russia marshalling, announced war on the country. France was urged to levy war with Austria-Hungary and Germany. The conflict intensified when Germany invaded France through Belgium, and this activity dragged Britain into the war. Japan h ad no other alternative than participating in the war by supporting Britain. Gradually, Italy and the USA would join the bloc of the Allies. These demonstrate how the formation of alliances played a crucial role towards the basis of the war (Kindsvatter 277).Defense spending was another vital cause that was facilitated by the instability of the balance of power. As the globe moved to the twentieth century, military defense spending had started. The year of 1914 saw Germany adopting the greatest advancement in the military defense (Magagna 6). Britain and Germany immensely developed their navies, such as submarines during this time. Additionally, nations such as Germany and Russia focused their combatant defense attention precisely on public policy. Because of this, vast spending on military issues promoted the involving of the European nations to war (McPherson 129).The objective and unforeseen conflict that shaped the motivation of the decision makers was another imperative theory. It is widely credited to the hegemonic balance theory that focuses on how the global order materializes from hegemonic wars (Magagna 6). The notion is formed and adopted by the powerful states and can experience excessive pressure from the increasing powers. The basis of the World War I casts superior Germany as a hegemonic state in gradual decline. In contrast, Russia was much more promising because of its massive population and extensive territory. It was quickly industrializing and had barely begun an armed defense that would have helped it to overcome Germany as the hegemonic military power in Europe by 1917. Gradually, Germany eclipsed Great Britain in industrial dominance and established its navy to threaten the Royal Navy in control of the seas (McPherson 143). This allowed Kaiser to develop a strategy of forcible diplomacy to allow the imperial powers to surrender. This approach of combining uncertainty and brinkmanship termed as welpolitik frightened Great Britain that lat er became a real hegemonic threat (Kindsvatter 256). It obliged the United Kingdom to start fixing its conflicts with other domineering powers and forming alliances. Because of hegemonic risks from Russia, Britain formed an alliance with Empire of Japan.The Middle East conflict is another vital cause of war (Magagna 2). There have been unending conflicts among the nations of the Middle East that date back to the end of 1800s. At the end of the XIX century one more controversy emerged concerning the survival of Jewish immigrants in conditions of the increasing afflictions and anti-Semitism threats in Europe. Furthermore, in the period between 1920 and 1946, the British dynasty was ruling Palestine. At that time, the region of Palestine comprised the overall Israel, and the contemporary occupied domains of West Bank, Gaza and others. The growing number of Jewish people immigrating to the Middle East heightened the strain in the region. Extensive European geopolitics in the first half of the twentieth century led the Middle East territory to deep instability in the whole region. The British authority played a main role in the Middle East area. For instance, in 1916 the British Empire persuaded the Arab rulers to defy the Ottoman Dynasty. It was cause by the fact that the Ottoman Dynasty was affiliated with the Germans. In return, the British administration would back up the development of a self-governing Arab nation in the region, such as Palestine. It was the main cause of war in the area of Middle East (Kindsvatter 311). Dissolution of Palestine into two subsequent territories, and making the awareness of Jerusalem situation worldwide was another important cause of the war. The UN authorized the division of Palestine into two territories. It also passed the internationalization of Jerusalem and provided most of the land to the Jewish people who were in the minority (Doyle 386). However, the Arab states opposed the division of Palestine and the emergence of Isr ael as an independent nation. In 1948, the battalions of Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, and Yemen invaded Israel but were mercilessly crushed by the Israeli infantry. Although the Jewish society was fortunate in establishing its homeland, it was neither the separation of Palestine nor independency of Jerusalem. In particular, the year of 1948 saw Palestinians being forced out of the current Israel into evacuees camps in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Arab countries. Great numbers of Jews were evacuated from the neighboring Arab states. Zionist movements and some Arab countries inspired countless Jews to migrate to Israel (Doyle 390). Global institutions minimize the probability of war, but cannot supersede national self-interest is another noteworthy theory. July catastrophe of 1914 widely exposed the nations self-interests becoming the key factor in the origin of the war. It was a culmination of events that facilitated the declaration of...

Effects Of Child Death Rates On Children - 1211 Words

As a child, everyone remembers having to get shots. My first memorable experience with shots came at age four. I didn’t understand why I needed shots. All I knew was this sharp thing was going to be stuck in my arm and it was going to hurt. Before I got my four year old shots I received my first set of vaccines, vaccines that people are now claiming are dangerous. Research shows that child death rates have been reduced by more than half since 1990 due to vaccinations (Asia News Monitor). The vaccinations are given though out infancy and childhood to prepare the immune system against any possible outbreak of these potentially fatal diseases. Vaccinations involve an injection of, in most cases, an attenuated version†¦show more content†¦Both have reasons to believe what they do. It has been known that ever since the vaccines for diseases like diphtheria and measles were introduced in the twentieth century, the number of deaths related to these diseases decreased by more than 500 percent. On the other hand, the mid-twentieth century was also the time when such indicators as nutrition, sanitation and healthcare, and other important factors of spreading vaccine-preventable diseases have been greatly improved (McMahon-Pratt, 2005). It is rather difficult to objectively determine what influenced the decrease in the number of deaths – the invention of antibiotics in the 1940’s, the improvement of sanitation and healthcare standards, or the introduction of certain vaccines. Those opposing mandatory vaccination choose to believe that it was the first two factors rather than the third one. There are facts to support both versions. For example, death rates from the pertussis (whooping cough) declined from 12,000 deaths per year in 1905 to less than 1,000 deaths per year in 1950 – 12 times less. But as the pertussis vaccine was not widespread until late 1940’s, we can logically assume it obviously was not the vaccine that influenc ed the mentioned decrease. At the same time, since the vaccine was introduced and

Corruption And Its Effect On Economic Growth - 1487 Words

In this essay, I will present an argument against theories that propose that corruption may be beneficial to economic growth by presenting theoretical and empirical evidence that suggest otherwise. I will also discuss policies that will prove effective in eliminating corruption in developing countries. The international handbook on the economics of corruption defines corruption as the use of public resources to fund the private purposes. It usually involves the abuse of official power. Economic growth can be defined as increase in a country’s ability to produce output over a period of time (Investopedia, 2005). Although the consensus view in economic theory is that corruption has a negative impact on economic growth, there are instances where having a corrupt government has actually encouraged growth. These are instances where corruption is â€Å"economically expansionary Osterfeld (1992) . Leff (1964), has argued that some underdeveloped countries with a high level of bureaucracy and weak governance have been able to allocate resources more efficiently because of corrupt government officials. He argues that is because entrepreneurs and potential investors can sidestep the tremendous bureaucracy in these countries through the use of bribery (Leff, 1964). The Chinese economy in the 1980’s supports this theory because corruption acted as a means to â€Å"legalise enterprises† prior to Deng’s economic reforms. (Reyes, 2015). However both theoretical and empirical studies haveShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Corruption On Economic Growth1444 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst theories that propose that corruption may be beneficial to economic growth by presenting theoretical and empirical evidence that suggest otherwise. I will also discuss policies that will prove effective in eliminating corruption in developing countries. The international handbook on the economics of corruption defines corruption as the use of public resources to fund the private purposes. It usually involves the abuse of official power. Economic growth can be defined as an increase inRead MoreEffects Of Corruption On Economic Growth1753 Words   |  8 PagesCorruption has been seen as a major obstacle of rapid economic growth and development. It is a complex phenomenon whose roots lay in political and bureaucratic institutions and affects the economic growth of different countries. It makes the governments intervene where they do not need to, and it weakens the ability of the government to enact and implement policies in areas in which government intervention is needed. Over the years, the dispute of the economic consequences of corruption on economicRead MoreHow Corruption Has Proven Detrimental Effect On Business And Economic Growth1534 Words   |  7 Pagesand Ross (Corruption entrepreneurship) study, the effects of cor ruption on the number of establishments in any given municipality have proven to be negative and statistically significant. Over time, corruption has proven to be detrimental to business and economic growth and has long lasting negative effects (entrepernerushipbrazilmuncipalities, 69). Business growth slows or stops all together and only the state owned enterprises are able to persist through an economy riddled with corruption. These stateRead MoreCorruption Is Defined As The Appropriation Of Public Resources1549 Words   |  7 PagesCorruption is defined as the appropriation of public resources for private profit and other private purposes through the use and abuse of official power or influence (Smith, S, C and Todaro, M, P, 2012, P.546). Examples of how governments do this can be through collecting bribes for providing permits and licenses, for giving passage through customs or for prohibiting the entry of competitors (Shleifer, A and Vishny, R,W, 1993, P.599). Corruption varie s across different economies, which we will analyseRead MoreThe Causes Of The Overwhelming Civil War In Syria1183 Words   |  5 Pagesof most countries in the world. The crisis wakes the interest among researchers and induces them to take a close look at the effect of the crisis on the economic growth in Lebanon. Theoretical literature reviews. 1) Tourism: For Faysal Itani (2016) Lebanon tourism pays the price of the Syria’s war. It threatens the economic growth of the country. †¢ Several foreign countries (US, UK, Canada) place bans, formal or informal, on travel to Lebanon due to securityRead MorePublic Debt And Political Changes Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pages10 shows that, the sharp decline in the rate of economic growth occurred in 2011, the most reasonable explanation for that is the occurrence of 25th of January revolution. This low rate of economic growth continues during period of political instability below its potential growth rate, and it began to improve only after the 30th of June revolution and the partial regaining ofpolitical stability after presidential election in 2014. With economic growth rates that are below their potential rates it wasRead MoreCorporal Punishment in Schools1531 Words   |  7 Pagesimplement to be used, the number of strokes that may be administered, which members of staff may carry it out, and whether parents must be informed or consulted. Depending on how narrowly the regulations are drawn and how rigorously enforced, this has the effect of making the punishment a structured ceremony that is legally defensible in a given jurisdiction and of inhibiting staff from lashing out on the spur of the moment. The first country in the world to prohibit corporal punishment was Poland in 1783  [4]Read MoreCorruption in Indonesia946 Words   |  4 PagesCulture of corruption is deeply entrenched in Indonesian society and remains an ongoing challenge for Indonesia (Temple, 2001). Under Suharto’s regime, corruption was centralized in which the collection of bribes was dominated by government (Macintyre, 2003). In other words, individual officials were prohibited to maximize their personal gains (Temple, 2001). After the Suharto’s fall, Indonesia became more democratic and decentralized which were likely to confront corruption. However, corruption has gottenRead MoreIn Many Developing Countries, Corruption Is A Barrier To1371 Words   |  6 PagesIn many developing countries, corruption is a barrier to economic growth. Corruption can prevent the fair allocation of goods and services to citizens by trickling to aspects of everyday life. On a macroeconomic level, scholars are of the belief that corruption hinders economic growth and development (Mauro, 1995). Definition Corruption is often described as a cancer, one official simply referred to it as â€Å"the AIDs of democracy† (Johnston, 1996). Corruption has been defined in a variety of ways,Read MoreThe Relationship Between Democracy And The Gdp1215 Words   |  5 Pageson a country and it’s economic success. After exploring previous investigations between democracy and the economy, and creating an empirical research design to evaluate the relationship between the growth or decline of democracy and the economic well being of the country; the final crucial step is to analyze whether a relationship between the two exists. It is my hypothesis that in evaluating the data, it will show that as democracy increases, so does the economic growth of a country. In this

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger - 944 Words

Many people have different aspects and impressions on a teenager’s life. Some say society is the problem for their misbehaviours while others say it is the child who is responsible. Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger tells a story of a teenage boy named Holden Caulfield who gets kicked out from school to school. He never pushed himself in academics or anything and ended up failing, at most, everything. He re-tells what happened to him in New York after he got kicked out of Pencey Prep and secretly spends two nights in New York City. What is a misfit? A misfit is a person who is unable to adjust or fit into his or her current situation. While Holden surround himself with members of society who push Holden down throughout the story, he is a misfit in his own ways. Three important elements that cause him to become a misfit: not accepting his little brothers death, growing up, and backing out on reality. Holden has a couple of siblings in the novel one in particular who he keeps b ringing up is his little brother Allie who died of leukemia. Holden has had a hard time accepting his death. Allie and Holden were very close and Allies death affects Holden in a very negative way. He has a hard time letting his brother go; almost as if he does not want to forget and move on. My brother had this left-handed fielders mitt glove....youd have liked him (Salinger,38). Holden has to write a writing arrangement on any topic for his teacher Stradlater, and he picked AlliesShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger637 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, consists of many minor characters. There are more than about sixty characters in the novel in which only three of them are major characters (Holden, Allie, and Phoebe) and the rest minor. Many of these characters are just mentioned with no lasting impact on either the novel itself or Holden. Salinger uses minor characters in the Catcher in the Rye to tell the readers about Holden and his views about the world. The first minor character seen in the CatcherRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger654 Words   |  3 Pagesfirst questions that came to my mind when I received the first assignment notice that we would be reading The Catcher in the Rye for English class. The title is most likely the single most important word choice that the author must make. J.D. Salinger uses the title in the book to allude to more than just when Holden sees the young child singing. J.D. Salingers title, The Catcher in the Rye, alludes to the conflict Holden faces of sexuality when growing up. The first reference made to the titleRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1005 Words   |  5 PagesHolden Caulfield, the protagonist of J.D. Salinger’s classic coming of age tale The Catcher in the Rye, entices readers through his hyper-critical scrutinization of the post-war consumer world. The novel itself is acclaimed to be quite autobiographical; the similarities between Salinger and Holden are numerous. Holden is an avid critic of materialistic American ideals, and he aims to preserve innocence in others, and to save himself from falling into the land of adulthood. After failing out ofRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger862 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye a novel written by J.D. Salinger, the book starts off with Holden Caulfield, main protagonist, talks about his experience alone the weekend before he went home after getting kicked out of Pencey Prep.Holden seems to be embracing the growing up mentality yet he is frighten of adu lthood he is trying to keep his innocence. Holden’s attitude toward life in general is perplexed. He pretends to be an adult by drinking heavily, yet he complains like a child. Holdens thoughts arentRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1515 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a very complex and interesting person to take into consideration and psychoanalyze. His various traits make him a different person from the rest of the phonies in the world. Holden says, â€Å"All you do is make a lot of dough and play golf and play bridge and buy cars and drink Martinis and look like a hot-shot. How would you know you werent being a phony? The trouble is, you wouldnt.† What Holden doesn’t realizeRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger798 Words   |  3 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Anyone who has lost a beloved relative to cancer or other illnesses can understand how difficult it is to return to a normal living routine and move on with their lives without the relative. In J.D. Salinger’s novel, Holden Caulfield has to deal with the loss of his younger brother to leukemia. A few years after his younger brother, Allie, passed away, Holden finds himself being kicked out of yet another boarding school, this one being Pencey Prep in Pennsylvania. HoldenRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1104 Words   |  4 Pages J.D. Salinger has written multiple novels, but his most famous is The Catcher in the Rye. Not only is this novel famous for its literary merit, it is also known as his most banned novel in certain schools. Even though this novel has been banned, J.D. Salinger’s themes and moralistic purposes serve literary worth. In The Catcher in the Rye, the reader is first introduced to Holden Caulfield, as first person narrator. He is a radically independent adolescent who tosses off judgments at ease unselfconsciouslyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger983 Words   |  4 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Throughout Catcher in the Rye there are a lot of small parts of the story where it would be linked to the book and to the text all together. J.D. Salinger created a lot of important passages that would be associated with what type of message that he was trying to convey to the audience. Salinger would develop certain characters like Phoebe through her description and actions to have a influence on Holden, thus causing him to change as a character and reveal sides of himRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger507 Words   |  2 PagesJ.D Salinger is a very known american writer whose literature became very popular. His books revolved around many ideas such as his view on children. Children in many of his books have an innocence that Salinger grasps onto and makes adults corrupt. Also, he shows how children are teachers to adults but can still be foolish. Purity in children are expressed throughout many stories by Salinger. In Catcher In the Rye, Holden repeatedly expressed â€Å"Did you ask her if she still keeps all her kings inRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger667 Words   |  3 PagesIn a J.D Salinger novel, The Catcher in the rye interprets the adolescent world full of patience and misery. Holden Caulfield, hardly being the complete opposite of a typical protagonist. Instead, being the archetype of an anti-hero facing adolescent over anxiety. He is a teenager forced to grow up in a time of turmoil with severe emotional handicaps placed upon him by family, friends and life in general. Caulfield sets himself on such a journey and is portrayed as an individual on a quest for validation

Percenters free essay sample

Their History and beliefs Walking the streets of Harlem, New York were I reside, often times I and possibly many others, we may miss the little things such as a new street mural, a new clothing store down the street, or a new church around the corner. But in this case I want to talk about this run-down building, where a poster of hip-hop artists, and a picture of a black man, supposedly was God, where posted all over this property and as Its sign it said, Headquarters of the 5 Percent.Observing this, at once I had to ask questions f what this headquarters was about and what sort of relations it had with hip-hop artists of today. I had a fragment of Information on the 5 Presenters and I knew In finding more information I would have to research in-dept, therefore I knew picking this subject would be an excellent choice as my research topic. I will examine the history, beliefs, and teachings of the cult. 5 Presenters, rather be known as a culture and a way of life hates being called a religion or cult This sect, which was taken from the Nation of Islam, 5 Percent, also known as the Nation of Gods andEarth was established In Harlem In the late sass by Clarence XX. (Five Presenters, Nation of Gods and Earths). The name is taken from their belief that they are the selected five percent of humankind who live an honorable Clericals 2 Islamic life and by this they have manifested the right divine nature of the black man who is God or Allah. Thousands follow the teachings in Harlem, where the group began. And beyond In New England, California, the Midwest. Lance, who once believed and wanted to live the way of life as a 5 percent, and is also the person I interviewed, confirmed, 5 Presenters is accepted in the midst of many African- American male youth. Mainly In poor. Urban areas. Yet, this thinking Is taken In by the educated as well. Its recognition is help by many RB/Hip-Hop artists. Www-Tang, Eureka Baud, Busts Rhymes, Nas, Common, spread the word on CDC and radio. (Wilbur, Lance) The group was founded by Clarence XX (Clarence Cowards Smith), who is known by Five Presenters as Father Allah, Allah, or The Father. He is given these names because he made the teachings that created the basics of the Five-percent movement. Clarence XX was Initially a member of the Nation of Islam, attending Nation of Islam Temple 7 in Harlem, New York, where Malcolm X was a minister. Following his questioning about the theology of Wallace Farad Muhammad, who was a reverend and founder of the Black Nationalist movement the Nation of Islam (NON) (l am God, NON, and the Five Presenters), Clarence was disciplined by the group, and was immediately detached from affiliation.This separation led Clarence to teach his own version of NON beliefs. Clarence XX used the Nation of Salamis teachings to teach that any Black man could become God through living a life f righteousness and that people of other races could also become civilized people. He found success on the streets of Harlem and those who adjusted to his movement. As time pass, the Five Presenters gained a reputation as being an uncontrollable group of Black yout hs thugs, blamed for actions such as bank robberies and muggings. (The Department of Corrections calls them trouble. ) The Five Presenters also established a headquarters in Harlem, New York known as Allah School in Mecca. From the late sass until today, many Five Presenters are found in the midst of the East Coastlines Coast/Midwest cities of New Jersey, Chicago, New York City, Los Angles, and Philadelphia, mainly with the Hip-Hop scene. Hip-Hop artists such as, Www Tang Clan, Nas, AZ, Racism, Brand Nubian Nine( Perry, Main) and many others has spread the practice of the Five Presenters, using the coded language of Supreme Mathematics and the Supreme Alphabet.The Supreme Mathematics, a cycle of principles put together to the numbers 009, and the Supreme Alphabet, a number of principles linked with the letters of the Roman alphabet. Some of the Five-percent sews, that can be heard on hip-hop records is the belief that the Original Blackman is God, and that the Original Black woman is the planet Earth, and that through the inner unexplained power s of the Gods and Earths the youth can transform themselves and own their true potential. Blues, RB, Jazz and other types of popular music often borrow from spiritual customs to draw attention to the pleasure and pain of life. Hip Hop is no different in this respect. Several artists have included bits of 5 Percent philosophy in their songs. Watched MET recently? Ever sit-back and consider the terrible state of entertainment and popular culture as well as the flashy interests that drive what we see and hear daily? Suddenly, the information offered by the 5 Presenters begins to sound much more believable and noticeable. The union between Hip-Hop culture and Islamic Celeriac 4 doctrine was soon to happen. After the 5 Presenters were formed in Harlem, Bronx ex-gang member Africa Bombast organized the Universal Zulu Nation, originally known as The Organization.It is also known as an international hip hop awareness group, created among street gang members in New York City in the sasss; merging Hip-Hop culture with community outreach and social activism. As Mawkish, who has studied in-dept the relations of 5 Presenters and Hip-Hop, explains, Bam often quoted the teachings of Malcolm X and Marcus Graver as the fou ndation for the Zulu Nations working philosophy which contains hints of Afro-Islamic eastern spiritual tradition (Mawkish. Since early participants and associates of the Zulu Nation declare loyalty to the 5 Presenters, their expressions and beliefs eventually worked their way into the lyrics of more Hip-Hop songs of the ass and ass such as ( the lassie Islamic call to prayer at the intro of Brand Nubbins 1993 hit Allah U Kafka( Perry). Islam has played an important role in Hip Hop. By the ass, the mentioning of the 5 Percent Nation of Islam was popping up on albums, especially when the topic is social Justice. The idea of cultural, spiritual, or political development has always been an essential subject within Hip Hop.Knowing a spiritual emptiness in music and culture, 5 Presenters regularly told off 85 Presenters, who are believed to be those who are humble, deaf, dumb, and blind to all truth about the world, and for abandoning commercialism, present in Hip-Hop radar time to answer was, What are the requirements for membership? As he scratches his head, he answers nervously, The requirements of officia l membership in the Five Percent are Celeriac 5 still unclear to me. They do not have an organized membership, but they do refer to knowledge 120, 120 referring to their lessons originated by Elijah Muhammad and W.D. Farad. (Wilbur). This question of whether they have knowledge or understood these lessons appears to be very important. The difference between the Nation of Gods and Earths and Nation of Islam is more of a level than principle, it is important o know that the original division between the Nation of Islam and the Nation of God and Earth was Clarence saxs refusal to give into the religious studies of Elijah Muhammad, in this way Nation of Islam is like other unknown religions replacing Elijah Muhammad as the center of worship.The Nation of Gods and Earth states that they dont believe in a mystery God, but is rather a belief in a God or divine spirit in every Black or non-white person. Five Presenters sometimes refer to themselves as wizards or scientists. ( I am God, NO, and the Five Presenters) The religious advancement of a Five Percent is based on his/her recitation and memorization of several lessons written by Elijah Muhammad, as well as the Supreme Alphabet, and the Supreme Math ematics lessons written by Clarence XX. The basic teachings of the Nation of Gods and Earths are: That the science of Supreme Mathematics is the key to understanding humankinds relationship to the universe. That black people are the mother and father of civilization. That black people are the original people of the planet Earth. As explained by Lance, Adam and Eve were Gods first creation ND the bible does not reveal what was the color of their Celeriac 6 skin. [Genesis 2]. That education should be fashioned to enable Blacks to be self- sufficient as a people. That Mathematics written by Clarence XX is the true Black culture and that it is the science of everything in life. That the Blackman is God and his proper name is Allah standing for Arm, Leg, Leg, Arm, Head. That education should be fashioned to enable Blacks to be self-sufficient as a people. That each individual should teach another individual according to his/her knowledge. That he unified Black family is the vital building block of the nation. That children are the link to the future and they must be nurtured, respected, loved, protected, and educated. (Five Presenters, Nation of Gods and Earths). Do they have an official brand or symbol used to represent 5 Presenters? , Lance reminisced to his past lessons to remember the Five Percent Nations Universal Flag, is the groups official trademark, it includes a moon, sun, and star and the number 7. Based on their principles, it represents the African-American family as: 7- represent the number of completion, or 360 degrees.Sun- the male and giver of light and moon- female reflector of light. (Wilbur, Lance) Though the Nation of Gods and Earths uses many terms that are the same to those used by traditional Muslims and have individuals between them who refer to themselves as Muslims, the Five Presenters and traditional Muslims have very little in common. As Five Presenters do not eat pork, Curran (holy book of Islam), such as assign prayer rituals, prohibitions against smoking, drinking, clothing, and other requirements.Celeriac 7 The Five-percent unacceptable to this has been their belief that they are not a elisions movement and that as God themselves, the only one they must submit to is self, which in Islam would be considered a irreligious theory and a violation of the most important Islamic code of beliefs, as it is a sin to relate any human being or object with God. To hav e a conversation with a member of the Five Percent about Christianity is pretty difficult, Lance was reveling to me. They have been taught to avoid any form of religion and are not able to express their position in a usual way. It is difficult to get them to think logically and critically although you can become restated because they would honestly claim that their thinking is very clear, informed and logical Lance stating Jokingly. A recent Justice Department report proposed that major religious movements such as 5 presenters also including many other brands of Islam increases in prisons. The American prison system was also known as the training ground for them including Malcolm X who was converted to the Nation of Islam in prison. Many other movements have used this model of prison conversion.The Nation of Gods and Earths have fought and won a many court cases, o be allowed to continue their prison ministry. The line between religious cults and prison gangs is often hard to make. In the article titled, The Department of Corrections calls them trouble, they were several arguments stating the fact many prison officials across the country, finds the Five Presenters group simply a violence- prone black supre macist prison gang. (They call themselves Five Presenters) Speaking of violence, many articles or books have argued that as 5 Presenters they are not that type of people are civilized.They emphasis the fact that they are not Celeriac 8 Eileen people and are not a hate group. But instead they teach Justice, freedom, and fairness to all the human families of the planet Earth. 5 Presenters also believe with the knowledge at hand, they will discontinue violent behavior that is taking place among young people. The group has always been viewed as the most aggressive Islamic group because they are young and win converts preaching racial realization with a strong inner-city manner of speaking. With doing this research and learning more about 5 Presenters, I can now give my own views or thoughts on them.Is there ally Hip-Hop gods walking among us? And by including messages inspired by Islam within their lyrics, 5 Presenters will consumed every youth or adults today. I feel when it all comes down it is a battle between good and evil, and as Christians it our choice to be part of the Hip-hop society, or not. While most Hip-Hop artists continues its decent into the fiery deep hole, the Gods and Earths of the 5 Percent Nation are to rescue us, from what defines todays entertainment industry. Clearly, members of the 5 Percent Nation of Islam are not soul keepers, but are trouble for Hip-Hop culture.

Academic Essay Dominion of Canada

Question: What finally pushed these separate colonies together to seriously discuss Confederation with the goal of making one common country:Canada? Answer: Introduction The separate colonies of Canada signed a treaty in 1867 to become the Dominion of Canada. The reasons for the formation of the dominion can be attributed to be both political and economic. The expansion of US towards the west and beyond to the Pacific was described by OSullivan as the Manifest Destiny. During the period the US went to wage many wars both expanding in the north as well as the south. People living in Canada believed that the US wanted to spread its traditions towards the North. The American civil war of 1861 hastened the formation the confederacy. The United States and the Russian minister signed an agreement on 30th March 1867, whereby Russia sold Alaska to the US for a price of $7.2 million. The treaty was viewed as an expansion process by the Canadians. The treaty underlined how the US viewed the formation of a united British North America. The Fenians belonged to the Fenian Brotherhood was an Irish republican organization. The group had leaders like John O Mahony and Michael Doheny (Senior, 1991). The most important task of the brotherhood movement was to pressurize Britain to free Ireland. The Fenians believed that by engaging the British Army in Canada they will be able to tie them down (cbc.gov, 2016). This would help their Irish counterparts to wage a war with England and thus gain independence. The Fenians raided Canada five times from 1866 to 1870. The last raid on Canada was done by John O Neill in 1870. He believed that his 6000 men would be enough for the Canadian forces. The Fenian forces were for most part Irish veterans who had taken part in the American Civil wars. The reciprocity treaty was signed between US and Great Britain on 5th June, 1854. The treaty eliminated the customs tariffs between the two countries. The treaty related to trade of fisheries and reciprocal trade (Haynes, 1892). The politicians of British North America understood the importance of Railways (Marsh, 2016). The province of Canada in 1841 was a large area which had a huge potential for trade. But this trade suffered due to poor road conditions and also because of the fact that the waterways froze for more than five months of a year. The Champlain and Saint Lawrence Railroad was the first railways in Canada. It ran from La Prairie to St. Johns. It opened in 1836. For trade purposes (coal) a rail road was opened in 1839. It transported coal from the Albion Mines to the Dunbar Port. The great western railway was sanctioned by the Canadian and United States with a loan of 200,000. Thus we find that the influence of the American Civil War and USs expansion into the north prompted the Canadian states to sign the treaty. The Canadians had already built the railways which they thought will be helpful in the event of a war. Moreover the Americans ended the Reciprocity treaty in 1865. Thus the different states signed the treaty to form a confederation so that they could stop the America from growing in the north. References Haynes, F. (1892). The Reciprocity Treaty with Canada of 1854. Publications of the American Economic Association, 7(6), 7-70. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2485728 Marsh, J. (2016). Railway History. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 November 2016, from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/railway-history/ Senior, H. (1991). The last invasion of Canada (1st ed.). Toronto [Ont.]: Dundurn Press in collaboration with Canadian War Museum, Canadian Museum of Civilization. The Fenians. (2016). Cbc.ca. Retrieved 29 November 2016, from https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPCONTENTSE1EP8CH2PA3LE.html

Lies My Teacher Told Me. Examples in Summary Essay

The book criticizes erroneous approach of the majority of textbooks in history There can be no surprise that the school is the place which forms the basis for the development of critical thinking of many people. Children get their basic knowledge in the most important disciplines. One of the most important disciplines is history: there is even the famous saying that people / nations who do not know their past are doomed to repeat it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lies My Teacher Told Me. Examples in Summary Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Of course, American scholars understands the importance of students’ understanding of past events, however, some academics claim that there are too many controversies in history that are not revealed in textbooks on history which can produce negative consequences for the development of the entire nation. One of such academics is James Loewen who considers the con troversies of history education in the USA in his famous Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. The entire book is permeated with the idea that students in schools are taught â€Å"refined† history which distorts their perception of reality. Loewen states that the vast majority of textbooks provide only one-faceted opinion, they present the â€Å"Disney version of history† omitting controversies and blemishes in the American history (Loewen 27). He also states that such erroneous approach to history education can lead to wrong passive position of people who believe in their heroic country which had no difficulties throughout its history. The role of text-books in education and their drawbacks Loewen points out that the majority of people in the USA know the history of their country from the school course and the textbooks. He states that many textbooks have few references to secondary sources. Thus, Loewen stresses that there is a large gap between the knowledge of historians and the amount of facts the rest of Americans are taught (Loewen 267). Moreover, Loewen provides the results of the research held in 1990 which revealed that 40% of teachers (who participated in the research) had a B.A. or M.A. (Loewen 280). This situation only contributes to the fact that students get information about the history from their textbooks only. Of course, not only textbook authors but teachers as well try to omit any controversies in history. It is easier to enumerate particular names, dates and events without discussing various backgrounds, downsides and impacts on the further development. Thus, textbooks authors pick up some historic events that seem to them heroic or essential and omit many other details associated with these events.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unrevealed Wilson’s blemishes One of such erroneous representation of facts is illustrated by the period of Woodrow Wilson being the President of the USA. According to Loewen numerous textbooks depict this personality as a hero who led glorious policy, but in reality introduced many controversial changes in political and social life of the country (Loewen 25). For instance, Loewen pays a lot of attention to Wilson’s racism and anti-communism (Loewen 25). There is no information in the majority textbooks as for Wilson’s policies in these areas. Numerous textbooks omit mentioning suppression of African-American people. It was Wilson who succeeded in depriving African-Americans from their rights; for instance, even positions in government which were assigned for African-American during Wilson’s presidency were occupied by white Americans. Many textbooks ascribe the witches hunt to Wilson’s government not him, but, in fact, he was a great supporter and initiator of many anti-communism campaigns (Loewen 29). Th us, textbooks in history have created a heroic president instead of a man who made many mistakes, however, at the same time introduced lots of positive changes. Positive example of Lincoln’s development remains unexploited Another good illustration of the wrong representation of historic events which Loewen provides is another American president, Lincoln. Loewen stresses that correct depicting of this remarkable leader can be very useful for the development of analytical skills of students who could learn that politics address every audience in different ways and that it is important to analyze officials’ words rather than take them literally (Loewen 172). Moreover, the â€Å"internal struggle† of this man can be a very good example how people can develop under the pressure of circumstances (Loewen 172). Loewen points out that it is essential to provide different points of view instead of trying to create positive image of the country and the government. People should understand that sometimes their government may act inadequately, erroneously. Students should learn about various blemishes in the history of their country to be ready to some controversies in their real life. Social controversies are also unrevealed in textbooks Loewen also mentions that textbooks in history are often produced from the perspective of the upper-class. He states that such sources omit dwelling upon some social issues since a â€Å"theory of social justice† can hardly be in line with the data about wealth distribution in the country (Loewen 206). Another disputable question is a depiction of immigrants. As a rule, textbooks in history reveal successful stories of immigrants who became respectable members of society, but they do not dwell upon those difficulties immigrants had to cope with (Loewen 195). According to Nieto Loewen raises very important issues in his book: he stresses the importance of presenting different points of view on the same event or personality (Nieto 44).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lies My Teacher Told Me. Examples in Summary Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The â€Å"linear and fixed† representation of events from the perspective of the dominant group makes student think that they are â€Å"passive in making any changes† (Nieto 44). Of course, such dangerous perception should be changed. Loewen’s suggestion to problem solution Loewen stresses that students should be able to analyze the historic events carefully and make corresponding conclusions. He suggests a possible way out and states that it can be helpful to include fewer events in textbooks and pay significant attention to discussion of controversies or different points of view on the same event (Loewen 309). Thus students will be able not only to remember some important landmarks in the history, but will understand the background of these events and their impacts on the modern life. Of course, students will have critical perception of the reality and will be able to influence the course of history when it is necessary. The main idea of the book Thus, the main idea Loewen reveals in his book Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong is that students should have the opportunity to consider various points of views and different facets of the same historic event to have the right perception of the past, present and future. Students should know about the controversies of the American history to respond adequately to different events taking place in the contemporary times. Students should know that not only wise government is responsible for the development of their countries: first of all, each person should make the necessary contribution to build a strong and really democratic state. Works Cited Loewen, J.W. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. New York: New Press, 1995. Nieto, S. Language, Culture, and Teaching: Critical Perspectives for a New Century. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. This essay on Lies My Teacher Told Me was written and submitted by user Roger E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Beer And Circus

Beer and Circus How Big-Time College Sports Is Crippling Undergraduate Education Introduction pg. 3-11 Four major student subcultures in American higher education: the collegiate, the academic, the vocational, and the rebel. The collegiate culture is a world of football, fraternities and sororities, dates, drinking, and campus fun. The serious undergraduates make up the outsiders on many campuses. The collegians practice immediate gratification while the outsiders practice deferred gratification. The academic culture is made up of the students who work hard and make the best grades. The undergraduate student subculture of serious academic effort is more dominant on some campuses than others and more marginal on some campuses than others. The vocational culture mainly consists of married students, most of them working 20-40 hours per week, and there is simply not enough time or money to support the extensive play of the collegiate culture. The rebel culture is made up of students who are deeply involved with ideas, both the ideas they encounter in the classroom and those that are current in the wider society of art, literature, and politics. Today, they make up a small minority on most college campuses. The best way to sum up these student subcultures is rebel students â€Å"pursue an identity†; collegians â€Å"pursue fun†; academic students seek â€Å"knowledge†; and vocationals fix on â€Å"a diploma.† Part One: The Rise of Beer-And-Circus Chapter 1: pg.15-22 Animal House 1960’s- low point for collegiate subculture on American campuses. Animal House is one of the most remarkable movies in Hollywood history. Fraternities and sororities doubled in membership nationwide from the 1970s to the 1990s. Penn State became known as â€Å"Happy Valley† because of the greek system and all the partying that went along with that. A film reviewer commented that Animal House ... Free Essays on Beer And Circus Free Essays on Beer And Circus Beer and Circus How Big-Time College Sports Is Crippling Undergraduate Education Introduction pg. 3-11 Four major student subcultures in American higher education: the collegiate, the academic, the vocational, and the rebel. The collegiate culture is a world of football, fraternities and sororities, dates, drinking, and campus fun. The serious undergraduates make up the outsiders on many campuses. The collegians practice immediate gratification while the outsiders practice deferred gratification. The academic culture is made up of the students who work hard and make the best grades. The undergraduate student subculture of serious academic effort is more dominant on some campuses than others and more marginal on some campuses than others. The vocational culture mainly consists of married students, most of them working 20-40 hours per week, and there is simply not enough time or money to support the extensive play of the collegiate culture. The rebel culture is made up of students who are deeply involved with ideas, both the ideas they encounter in the classroom and those that are current in the wider society of art, literature, and politics. Today, they make up a small minority on most college campuses. The best way to sum up these student subcultures is rebel students â€Å"pursue an identity†; collegians â€Å"pursue fun†; academic students seek â€Å"knowledge†; and vocationals fix on â€Å"a diploma.† Part One: The Rise of Beer-And-Circus Chapter 1: pg.15-22 Animal House 1960’s- low point for collegiate subculture on American campuses. Animal House is one of the most remarkable movies in Hollywood history. Fraternities and sororities doubled in membership nationwide from the 1970s to the 1990s. Penn State became known as â€Å"Happy Valley† because of the greek system and all the partying that went along with that. A film reviewer commented that Animal House ...

Breakdown and Review of Where the Wild Things Are

Breakdown and Review of 'Where the Wild Things Are' Where the Wild Things Are by Maurice Sendak  has become a classic. Winner of the 1964 Caldecott Medal as the Most Distinguished Picture Book of the Year, it was first published by HarperCollins in 1963. When Sendak wrote the book, the theme of dealing with dark emotions was rare in childrens literature, especially in picture book format. Story Summary After more than 50 years, what keeps the book  popular is not the impact of the book on the field of childrens literature, it is the impact of the story and the illustrations on young readers. The plot of the book is based on the fantasy (and real) consequences of a little boys mischief. One night Max dresses up in his wolf suit and does all kinds of things he shouldnt, like chasing the dog with a fork. His mother scolds him and calls him a WILD THING! Max is so mad he shouts back, ILL EAT YOU UP! As a result, his mother sends him to his bedroom without any supper. Maxs imagination transforms his bedroom into an extraordinary setting, with a forest and an ocean and a little boat that Max sails in until he comes to a land full of wild things. Although they look and sound very fierce, Max is able to tame them with a single glance. They all realize Max is ..the most wild thing of all and make him their king. Max and the wild things have a fine time creating a rumpus until Max begins to want to be †¦where someone loved him best of all. Maxs fantasy ends when he smells his dinner. Despite the wild things protests, Max sails back to his own room where he finds his supper waiting for him. The Books Appeal This is a particularly appealing story because Max is in conflict with both his mother and his own anger. Despite the fact that he is still angry when he is sent to his room, Max does not continue his mischief. Instead, he gives free rein to his angry emotions through his fantasy, and then, comes to a decision that he will no longer let his anger separate him from those whom he loves and who love him. Max is an engaging character. His actions, from chasing the dog to talking back to his mother are realistic. His emotions are also realistic. Its quite common for children to get angry and fantasize about what they could do if they ruled the world and then calm down and consider the consequences. Max is a child with whom most 3- to 6-year-olds readily identify. Summing Up the Impact of the Book Where the Wild Things Are is an excellent book. What makes it so extraordinary is the creative imagination of both Maurice Sendak the writer and Maurice Sendak the artist. The text and the artwork complement one another, moving the story along seamlessly. The transformation of Maxs bedroom into a forest is a visual delight. Sendaks colored pen and ink illustrations in muted colors are both humorous and sometimes a little scary, reflecting both Maxs imagination and his anger. The theme, conflict, and characters are ones with which readers of all ages can identify, and  is a book that children will enjoy hearing again and again. Publisher: HarperCollins, ISBN: 0060254920

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT - Essay Example eath penalty believe that the right of living for all people, even convicts and killers, is the basic human right that should be respected and so the death penalty should be replaced by other forms of punishments, such as life imprisonment. On the other hand, the proponents of the death penalty believe that it is important because it serves as a tool for deterring would-be criminals and murderers. Although the right of living for all people is the basic human right that should be respected, the role of the capital punishment in saving people’s lives and deterring would-be criminals and murderers is undeniable. Capital punishment is in the benefit of all humanity because it "affirms life." Executing the life of the criminal would preserve the rights of hundreds or even thousands of people because would-be criminals, murderers or terrorists would be deterred if they know that they may be punished via a death penalty. On the contrary, abolishing the death penalty may encourage criminals to commit any number of murders as they know that they will not be killed if they are caught. On that basis, the death penalty preserves and elevates the lives of human beings, while failing to kill a murderer or a terrorist is in fact a humiliation of the victim. This is asserted by many thinkers, such as Edward I. Koch, in his article which is entitled "Death and Justice: How Capital Punishment Affirms Life," who argues that when the justice system shrinks back "from justly punishing the murderer, the victim dies twice" (Koch). Moreover, capital punishment is vital for any justice system because abolishing it may encourage criminals to commit any number of murders as they know that they will not be killed if they are arrested. In that sense, the capital punishment preserves and elevates the lives of human beings, while failing to kill a murderer or a terrorist is in fact a humiliation of the victim. This leads many proponents to the capital punishment to argue that when the

FGM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FGM - Research Paper Example This study is important because it reveals the reality behind female genital mutilation which is presumed ‘extinct’ by most people yet very much alive in the UK. Statistical evidence from the National Health Service (NHS 2014) reveals that an estimation of at 20,000 number of girls below 15 years are at risk of FGM each year and about 66,000 number of women are facing the consequences of FGM. However it is imperative to acknowledge that most FGM cases in the UK are tied to populations of communities who practice FGM such as those in Birmingham. These could be a group of refugees or immigrants of the first generation. Catfur (2012) reveals that female genital mutilation in the UK was outlawed about 30 years ago and facilities set across hospitals in England to help those who had already been mutilated. Ironically, statistics reveal that the rate of FGM is on the rise yet no one has ever been prosecuted in the court of law. This is a demonstration of law ineffectiveness to help high population that is at risk. The UK government has also failed in informing people about FGM practice more so in learning institutions where most potential victims are found (Catfur 2012). People don’t really talk about FGM as if it does not even exist yet it keeps loosening the social bond between men and ladies in a number of communities within the UK. Perhaps the government is not entirely to blame after all; it is quite difficult for the authorities to tell when someone was mutilated until the time when they are about to give birth complicating law enforcement against the perpetuator. Or probably the mutilati on was done out of the UK soil and furthermore conducting checks on children based on their health records to see whether they are mutilated is in itself child abuse (Catfur 2012). The motives behind practicing FGM are based on cultural, religion, health, and

James Dickey Essay -- Literature Religion Papers

James Dickey Ah! The world- view to which an individual adheres is all- important. Who am I? Many people strictly conform to a set pattern of beliefs that limit or curtail their expression or personal growth. Many times their beliefs reflect the ideas of a community, a church, or a family. The individual blends in with the group and becomes a co-dependent function of that group. James Dickey conformed to no one. He stands apart due to his ability to intensely reveal the images burning vividly in his mind. One image of Dickey that consistently flames brightly is the persona of the "loner". Dickey fulfills this loner image through his complex worldview that allows him to predatorily satisfy his innate needs through various means. His paradoxical nature allows him to connect to art and people, but the reality of his connections does not preclude him from being defined as a loner. This complex illustration of the Dickey loner acts itself out in Dickey’s life and his art. His life and art diverge and converge throughout. The complex nature of Dickey needs to be explored within peramaters in order to reduce the margin of error that pertains to Dickey as a loner. Blanket statements on Dickey’s life are difficult to prove, because of his ever -changing form. However, this paradoxical person remains somewhat the same as he changes in his loner form. Dickey uses his worldview to fuel his very existence. His art centers on transcendental exploration of the innermost parts of his mind. His characters act out the complexity of his thoughts and the possibilities that exist within his artistic exploration. Dickey’s ability that intensely, dramatically, and descriptively reveals his thoughts define the uniqueness that sets him apart... ...ks Cited Baughman, Ronald. "James Dickey’s War Poetry: A 'Saved, Shaken Life.'" In Kirschten 118-27. Dickey, Christopher. Summer of Deliverance: A Memoir of Father and Son. New York: Simon, 1998. Dickey, James. The Whole Motion: Collected Poems 1945-1992. Hanover, N.H.: UP of New England, 1992. ---. ed. James and Barbara Reiss. Self-Interviews. Baton Rouge: Louisiana SUP, 1984. ---. Deliverance. 1970. New York: Delta, 1994. ---. To the White Sea. 1993. New York: Delta, 1994. Jones, Malcolm, Jr. "When a Predator Is the Prey." In Kirschten 60-61. Kirschten, Robert. ed. " Struggling for Wings": The Art of James Dickey. South Carolina P, 1997. Lieberman, Laurence. " Erotic Pantheism in James Dickey’s ‘ Madness.’ " In Kirschten . 205. Strange. William. "To Dream, to Remember: James Dickey’s Buckdancer’s Choice. " . In Kirschten 17.

Alternative Fuels: The industrial gas turbine

Investigation of alternative fuels for industrial gas turbines Tamal Bhattacharjee, Paul Nihill, Cormac Bulfin, Ishank Arora Contents 1. Abstract4 2. Introduction4 3. Hydrogen5 3. 1Production5 3. 1. 1Steam Reforming of Hydrocarbons5 3. 1. 2Water Splitting5 3. 1. 3Gasification of Waste & Biomass to produce syngas6 3. 1. 4The process7 3. 1. 5Application to industrial gas turbines8 4. Methanol9 4. 1Abstract9 4. 2Introduction9 4. 3History10 4. 4Manufacturing Process10 4. 4. 1 Production of methanol from synthesis gas10 4. Industrial Process11 4. 5. 1STEP-1: Feed Production11 4. 5. 2STEP-2: Reforming11 4. 5. 3STEP-3: Methanol Synthesis12 4. 5. 4STEP-4: Methanol Purification12 4. 6How it works on a gas turbine12 4. 7Feasibility15 4. 8Advantages & Disadvantages16 4. 9Conclusion17 5. Power Alcohol17 5. 1Introduction17 5. 2Chemistry18 5. 3Production18 5. 3. 1Ethanol from sugar cane18 5. 3. 2Fermentation18 5. 3. 3Distillation19 5. 3. 4Fractional Distillation19 5. 4Air pollution21 5. 5Advantage s23 5. 6Disadvantages23 6. References24 1. AbstractThe industrial gas turbine is a key part of modern electricity generation. In 1998 15% of electric power was produced by gas turbines. Due to their efficiency, compactness, reliability and relatively low capital cost 81% of new electric power demand will be met by industrial gas turbines. Gas turbines must meet very strict NOx CO and CO2 regulations. (GL Juste 2006). As the popularity of gas turbines and combined heat and power generation plants increases research has turned to cheaper and more environmentally friendly fuels for gas turbines.Methane C2H4 is the main fossil fuel used in gas turbines today but with increased regulations on carbon emissions combined with the increasing cost of fossil fuels, research is turning to alternative fuels which may power gas turbines into the future. This literature review explores potential liquid and gas alternative fuels for industrial gas turbines along with some of the latest research in the area and some examples of the successful industrial applications. 2. IntroductionThe increasing cost of fossil fuels, the fact that they are a finite resource and the environmental effects of their combustion means that research into alternative fuels is one of the largest and most varied areas of scientific investigation in progress today. As with all scientific research, some will be successful and form the basis of future energy production and some will be either too inefficient or impractical to be implemented in industry. It is interesting to note that some of the methods which seemed impractical even 10 years ago are now being introduced owing to the increasing cost of fossil fuels.Fuels derived from biomass and gasification of sewage sludge and municipal waste and some methods of hydrogen fuel production appear to hold the most promise. â€Å"Different global energy scenario studies indicate that in India biomass may contribute much more: up to 30% of the energy supply b y 2100† (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Gas turbines and combined heat and power (CHP) systems are at the forefront of future European strategies on energy production with current efficiencies for combined cycle facilities above 60%. â€Å"The main CHP targets are the reduction of the overall costs and the development of above 40 kW biomass-fired systems†¦..Gas turbines enjoy certain merits relative to steam turbines and diesel engines. They have high grade waste heat, lower weight per unit power, dual fuel capability, low maintenance cost, low vibration levels, low capital cost, compact size, short delivery time, high flexibility and reliability, fast starting time, lower manpower, and have better environmental performance. † (P. A. Pilavachi et al 2000) This project focuses on alternative fuels as applied to industrial gas turbines owing to their projected increase in popularity in the short to medium term at least. 3. Hydrogen 3. 1Production 3. 1. Steam Reforming of Hy drocarbons The bulk of hydrogen fuel production is currently via steam reforming of natural gas this process involves the reaction of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons with high temperature steam to produce varying amounts of CO and H2. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons does not eliminate CO2 but it greatly reduces the amount which is discharged into the atmosphere. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons is an efficient way of reducing CO2 emissions. In addition to the H2 produced during gasification a low temperature gas shift reaction with the remaining carbon monoxide can produce further H2.The process of steam reforming natural gas along with the gas shift reaction are governed by the chemical equations below. (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Steam Reforming: CH4 + H2O – CO + 3H2 ? H = +251 kJ/mol Gas Shift: CO + H2O – CO2 +H2 ? H= -42 kJ/mol (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) The release of CO2 can be completely eliminated in a large plant where the CO2 is captured and injected into an oil or gas reservoir. It is currently disputed between scientists whether or not the production of H2 in this way releases more CO2 than directly burning fossil fuels. 3. 1. 2Water SplittingThere is currently a lot of research concerning the splitting of water to produce H2. This method is yet to find industrial application as it takes a lot of energy to split water and the only sustainable method is the use of renewable technologies to provide the energy. The hydrogen is more likely to be used as a storage medium when the power generated by renewable technologies is not required. An example of this would be the storage of power from a wind turbine during the day. There is a lot of very interesting research into water-splitting with many methods being explored simultaneously.Thermo chemical water splitting using solar power is an interesting option. Direct thermal water splitting is impractical due to the energy requirements to heat the water to 25000K. But if the water is reacted with metal oxides and redox materials it can be achieved at a much lower temperature. The oxygen and hydrogen are released at different stages eliminating the need for separation. This process can be conducted in a cycle that produces H2 more efficiently from solar radiation. 3. 1. 3Gasification of Waste & Biomass to produce syngasA Practical Example of waste to energy conversion is the Pyromex waste to energy facility in Germany. The Pyromex system is currently being used successfully to gasify industrial waste in a purpose built plant in Munich Germany. Due to the fact there are no gaseous emissions from the system there is no need for the construction of smoke stacks and the system is considered separate to incineration by EU authorities. Emissions from the plant are in the form of solid sand like dry waste. The waste composition is tabulated below and shows how far below allowable limits the process is.The raw material in the process is otherwise unrecyclable waste products and the system can treat sewage sludge, plastics, fly ash from power plants and various other waste products. The system has the potential to be a major contributor to the Hydrogen Economy. The prototype plant working on a throughput of 25 ton/day had the potential to produce approximately 2150 kWh by a combined heat to electricity and syngas engine generator system. If used in combination with an industrial gas turbine there is no doubt that owing to the greater efficiency this power output could be improved.Fig. 1 – Exhaust gas emissions (Pyromex ®) 3. 1. 4The process The material to be gasified is introduced into the slowly turning reactor through a two stage tank system. With this setup an oxygen free environment can be ensured inside the reactor pipe, where the conversion of the organics to syngas takes place at over 1000 °C. The produced gas is then cleaned with a simple acid and an alkaline scrubber. Even though the temperatures within the reactor are far above 1000 °C, the surface remains cool enough to be touched by hand.The PYROMEX gasification is a closed circuit process and therefore no emissions are released into the environment. The process flow chart below gives a better understanding of the workings of the plant. This process can be easily scaled. And there are numerous plants completed and in the process of construction in Germany and the U. S. Fig. 2 – Gasification process of producing syngas from waste & biomass (Pyromex ®) 3. 1. 5Application to industrial gas turbines Once the hydrogen has been produced it can be mixed with carbon monoxide which can also be produced efficiently using solar power.This syngas can be used in an Industrial gas turbine with some modifications to the fuel nozzle system and careful control of the fuel air ratio to produce electricity. In the case of liquid fuel turbines the hydrogen can be converted to various hydrocarbons using the Fischer-Tropsch process. The use of hydrogen in a gas turbine is a r elatively new concept with the use of high hydrogen content syngas becoming an attractive area for research. Unfortunately the use of hydrogen rich gas in a conventional gas turbine involves some tweaks to the ystem. The natural gas lean-premixed combustors have to undergo some modifications if fed with hydrogen rich fuels due to the combined effect of hydrogen shorter auto-ignition delay and faster flame speed. (Paulo Gobbato et al 2010) One of the routes with the highest potential is the pre combustion route utilizing coal in an integrated gasification and combine cycle (IGCC). The challenge in utilizing hydrogen rich fuel is principally associated with its reduced auto-ignition delay time, which can be addressed in one of three approaches: 1.De-rating the engine – allowing the same mixing time by increasing the auto-ignition delay time through altering the characteristics of the vitiated air (i. e. the inlet temperature of the flow to the SEV). 2. Decreasing the reactivity of the fuel – i. e. by dilution with an inert gas. 3. Modifying the hardware – either to reduce the mixer residence time in line with the reduced auto ignition delay time or develop a concept which is less influenced by the reactivity of the fuel. (Nils Erland et al 2012) 4. Methanol 4. 1Abstract 5.When methanol is intended to be used as fuel for gas turbine, it is very important to enhance overall thermal efficiency of the gas turbine system, and to make it competitive with conventional oil or gas fuels. There are many ways to accomplish this. Combined cycle is not, however, a proper way, as this could also be applied to conventional fuel. Noting the unique characteristic of methanol, the steam reforming regenerative cycle was investigated by many institutions. In this scheme, wasted heat of the gas turbine exhaust gas is transferred to reformed gas.And it is recycled back to the gas turbine as a part of fuel, thus resulting in increased overall efficiency of the gas turbine. Thermal decomposition of methanol is also an endothermic reaction and may be applied to the regenerative cycle. In either case, however, only a part of the waste heat is recovered. Hence the hybrid system with combined cycle was proposed to achieve additional heat recovery. But this is a complex system. 4. 2Introduction 6. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH. . 8. Fig. 3 – Chemical formulation of Methanol 9. Methanol can be used as alternative fuel in gas turbine. Methanol is made from natural gas, coal, and biomass. This was one of the older alternative fuels. Like Ethanol, Methanol is very good for blending with gasoline to replace the harmful octane enhancers. The benefits of using Methanol are that it reduces emissions, which has a significant effect on bettering the environment. Methanol can easily be blended with gasoline. It also has a lower risk of flammability than normal g asoline.Another benefit of Methanol is that it is made from domestically renewable sources. Methanol can also be used to make the octane enhancer MTBE. Another huge possible benefit of Methanol is that it can be made into hydrogen. 10. 4. 3History 11. Methanol has been tested as a gas turbine fuel in the U. S. In 1974, a 12-hour test was conducted by Turbo Power and Marine in a 20 MW gas turbine at the Bayboro Station of Florida Power Corporation. The methanol was fired as a liquid. NOx emissions were 74% less than those from No. 2 Distillate, and CO emissions were comparable (Power 1979).In 1978 and 1979, EPRI and Southern California Edison Company sponsored a 523-hour test at SCE’s Ellwood Energy Support Facility, using one half of 52 4. 4Manufacturing Process 4. 4. 1 Production of methanol from synthesis gas 12. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen react over a catalyst to produce methanol. Today, the most widely used catalyst is a mixture of Cu (Copper), zinc oxide, and alumina f irst used by ICI in 1966. At 5–10 M Pa (50–100 atm) and 250  °C, it can catalyze the production of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with high selectivity (>99. 8%): 13. CO + 2 H2 > CH3OH†¦..It is worth noting that the production of synthesis gas from methane produces three moles of hydrogen gas for every mole of carbon monoxide, while the methanol synthesis consumes only two moles of hydrogen gas per mole of carbon monoxide. One way of dealing with the excess hydrogen is to inject carbon dioxide into the methanol synthesis reactor, where it, too, reacts to form methanol according to the equation: 14. CO2 + 3 H2 > CH3OH + H2O. 15. Some chemists believe that the certain catalysts synthesize methanol using CO2 as an intermediary, and consuming CO only indirectly. 6. CO2 + 3 H2 > CH3OH + H2O; where the H2O byproduct is recycled via the gas shift reaction: 17. CO + H2O > CO2 + H2, 18. This gives an overall reaction, which is the same as listed above. 19. CO + 2 H2 > CH3OH 4. 5Industrial Process Fig. 4 – Industrial process for creating Methanol 4. 5. 1STEP-1: Feed Production 20. The two main two feed stocks, natural gas and water, both require purification before use. Natural Gas contains low levels of sulphur compounds and undergo a desulphurization process to reduce, the sulphur levels of less than one part per million.Impurities in the water are reduced to undetectable or parts per billion levels before being converted to steam and added to the process. If not removed, these impurities can result in reduced heat efficiency and significant damages to major pieces of equipment. 4. 5. 2STEP-2: Reforming 21. It is the process which transforms the methane and the steam to intermediate reactants of hydrogen, carbon-dioxide and carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is also added to the feed gas stream at this stage to produce a mixture of components in the ideal ratio to efficiently produce methanol.This process is carried out in a Reform er furnace which is heated by burning natural gas as fuel. 22. Reaction: Reaction: 4. 5. 3STEP-3: Methanol Synthesis 23. After removing excess heat from the reformed gas it is compressed before being sent to the methanol production stage in the synthesis reactor. Here the reactants are converted to methanol and separated out as a crude product with a composition of methanol (68%) and water (31%). Traces of byproducts are also formed. Methanol conversion is at a rate of 5% per pass hence there is a continual recycling of the un- reacted gases in to the synthesis loop. 24.Reaction: 25. 4. 5. 4STEP-4: Methanol Purification 26. The 68% methanol solution is purified in two distinct steps in tall distillation columns called the topping column and refining column to yield a refined product with a purity of 99% methanol classified as Grade AA refined methanol. 27. The methanol process is tested at various stages and the finished product is stored in a large secured tank age area off the pla nt until such time that it is ready to be delivered to customers. 4. 6How it works on a gas turbine 28. Chemical reaction involved is: It reacts with water to form carbon di oxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H). 9. CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 3H2 30. The reaction is endothermic and absorbs waste heat at about 300oC. The system performance was predicted using in house process simulator called CAPES and found thermal efficiency of approx. 50% (LHV) when turbine inlet temperature is 1,100oC and compression ratio is 14. The schematic diagram given below illustrates its function. 31. 32. Fig. 5 – Methanol fueled gas turbine process 33. 34. The performance of the gas turbine with steam reforming was recalculated using PRO/II. The same adiabatic efficiency of 87% for compressor and 90% for turbine were used.Similar value of overall thermal efficiency of approx. 50% was obtained as shown in Table-1. For reference, the performance of air heating system was also investigated. In this case, thermal eff iciency was in the same level as reforming but total heat transfer area is 1. 7 times of steam reforming case. Let’s explain model making of steam reformer by PRO/II. After defining stoichiometric data for steam reforming reaction, Gibbs reactor was used for equilibrium calculation at specified temperature. For combustor design, two combustion reactions were defined.Then two conversion reactors were connected in series and set the conversion parameter to 1. Both reactors are defined as adiabatic. 35. Heat exchangers having phase change were split into 10 to 20 zones and flow configurations were set to true counter flow. Minimum pinch points were set to 10 to 20 oC. Pressure drop of each exchangers were set to 0. 02-0. 01 atm and overall heat transfer coefficient were set to100kcal/h C. Flow Scheme| unit| Fig-1| Fig. -2| Waste Heat Recovery| | Air Heating & Methanol Evap. | Steam Reforming, Water Injection & Methanol Evap. Turbine Inlet Temperature| oC| 1,100| 1,100| Compressi on Ratio| -| 14| 14| Methanol Rate| kgmol/h| 0. 133| 0. 133| Stoichiometric Air Rate| kgmol/h| 1| 1| Air Rate| kgmol/h| 4. 150| 2. 600| Reforming Water Rate| kgmol/h| -| 0. 133| Total Water Rate| kgmol/h| -| 0. 720| Excess Air Mol Ratio| -| 4. 150| 2. 600| Water/Air Mol Ratio| -| 0. 000| 0. 277| Water/Methanol Mol Ratio| -| 0. 000| 5. 414| 1st Compressor Power| kW| -12. 472| -7. 814| 1st Turbine Power| kW| 24. 128| 19. 750| Water Injection Pump| kW| -| -0. 006| Net Shaft Power| kW| 11. 656| 11. 930| Power Output| kW| 11. 423| 11. 691|Methanol Heat of Combustion (HHV)| kW| 47. 149| 23. 574| Methanol HHV| kJ/mol| 638. 10| 638. 10| Overall Thermal Efficiency (HHV)| %| 48. 45| 49. 59| Compressor Adiabatic Efficiency| %| 87| 87| Turbine Adiabatic Efficiency| %| 90| 90| Generator Efficiency| %| 98| 98| Methanol Evaporator Area/Pinch Point| m2/oC| 0. 140/10| 0. 138/5| Methanol Reformer Area/Reaction Temp. | m2/oC| -| 0. 201/300| Air Heater Area/Pinch Point/Max. Temp. | m2/oC| 2. 972/10/525 | 0| Water Evaporator Area/Pinch Point| m2| -| 1. 452/10| Total Surface Area| m2| 3. 112| 1. 791| Exhaust Temperature| oC| 335. 3| 102. 5| Table 1 – Methanol Fuel Gas Turbine with Steam Reforming & Water Injection or Air Heating 4. 7Feasibility 36. MW, twin engine, gas turbine generator unit supplied by Turbo Power and Marine Systems, Inc. (Edison Co. 1981). The methanol was fired as a liquid. Some fuel system modifications were performed to permit the higher mass and volumetric flow of methanol to achieve base load output. Some elastomers in the fuel system were replaced with materials impervious to methanol attack. The tests showed: â€Å"Operations on methanol are as flexible as on natural gas or distillate fuel.The ability to start, stop, accelerate, decelerate, perform automatic synchronization, and respond to control signals is equal to operations on either natural gas or distillate fuel. Turbine performance on methanol is improved over other fuels due to higher mass f low and the lower combustion temperatures resulting from methanol operations. Oxides of nitrogen emissions on them ethanol-fueled turbine, without water injection, were approximately 80% of the emissions of the distillate-fueled turbine with water injection. There was a significant reduction in particulate emissions during methanol operation.An additional reduction in oxides of nitrogen emission was obtained during operations of the methanol-fueled turbine with water injection. No significant problems occurred during the test that could be attributed to methanol. The hot end inspection indicated cleaner components within the methanol-fueled turbine. † During 1984-1985, GE conducted methanol combustion tests of heavy-duty gas turbine combustors in a private study for Celanese Chemical Company, Inc. This work is unpublished. The tests were conducted at GE’s Gas Turbine. Development Laboratory in Schenectady, N . Y.Tests were performed with an MS6001B full-scale combustor representative of GE heavy-duty gas turbine combustors, and an MS7001 developmental dry low NOx combustor. Then ethanol was fired as a liquid, â€Å"dry† and also with water addition. A high-pressure centrifugal pump was used to supply the methanol to the combustor. The tests demonstrated that methanol fuel can be successfully burned in GE heavy-duty combustors without requiring major modifications to the combustor. NOx emissions were approximately 20% of those for the same combustor firing NO. 2 distillate at the same firing temperature.With water addition, NOx levels of 9 ppmv could be achieved. Liner metal temperatures, exit pattern factors, and dynamic pressures were not significantly affected by methanol combustion and met GE criteria for acceptable performance. The results are valid for 2000 F firing temperature machines (E-class). Additional work would be required to confirm performance with methanol fuel, elevated firing temperatures of the F series of machines. Vapor ized methanol will reduce NOx 5% to 10% (relative to CH4 emissions) whereas liquid methanol will reduce NOx 30% relative to CH4 emissions.Water content in the methanol provides further NOx reduction. In 1984, a field test demonstration was performed at the University of California at Davis (California Energy Commission 1986). Methanol was fired in a 3. 25 MW Allison 501-KB gas turbine for 1,036 hours. Low NOx emissions were observed and were further reduced by mixing water with the methanol. Problems encountered with the traditional gas turbine fuel pump were bypassed by using an off-board centrifugal pump. 4. 8Advantages & Disadvantages 37. Methanol is a liquefied form of methane, a naturally-occurring gaseous hydrocarbon produced by decomposition.Currently, methane is burned as a ‘waste† gas at oil drilling platforms, coal mining sites, landfills, and sewage treatment plants. The advantage is methane, and its derivative methanol is that it is extremely plentiful; drill ing for oil, mining coal, and the decomposition of organic matter all produce methane already. As a hydrocarbon similar to propane and petroleum, methane is a very powerful, explosive gas that can easily take the place of petroleum without marked decline in power or major retooling of existing technologies.The disadvantages of methanol is the process by which methane is converted into a liquid at normal temperatures; by mixing methane with natural gas and gasoline, methane is converted into methanol. But the need for gasoline does not entirely wean the United States off of oil, so its â€Å"alternative† status is questionable. Additionally, the process to capture, store, and convert methane is prohibitively expensive compared to gasoline. 38. 4. 9Conclusion 39. Methanol is considered a superior turbine fuel, with the promise of low emissions, excellent heat rate, and high power output.The gas turbine fuel system must be modified to accommodate the higher mass and volumetric f low of methanol (relative to natural gas or distillate). The low flash point of methanol necessitates explosion proofing. The low flash point also dictates that startup be performed with a secondary fuel such as distillate or natural gas. Testing to date has been with methanol as a liquid. GE is comfortable with methanol as a liquid or vapor. GE is prepared to make commercial offers for new or modified gas turbines utilizing methanol fuel in liquid or vapor form based on the earlier experience.Some combustion testing may be required for modern machines applying for very low NOx permits. 5. Power Alcohol 5. 1Introduction Power Alcohol is a mixture of petroleum and ethanol in different proportions and due to these proportions different names are given to each blend like:- 1. As a blend of 10 percent ethanol with 90 percent unleaded gasoline called â€Å"E-10 Unleaded†. 2. As a component of reformulated gasoline, both directly and/or as ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). 3. As a primary fuel with 85 parts of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded gasoline called â€Å"E-85. (Rex Weber 2003) When mixed with unleaded gasoline, ethanol increases octane levels, decreases exhaust emissions, and extends the supply of gasoline. Ethanol in its liquid form, called ethyl alcohol, can be used as a fuel when blended with gasoline or in its original state. Well the production of ethanol fuel began way back in1907 but Ethanol use and production has increased considerably during the 1980s and 1990s not just due to the lack of fossil fuels but was also due to several other factors 1.Ethanol reduces the country’s dependence on imported oil, lowering the trade deficit and ensuring a dependable source of fuel should foreign supplies be interrupted. 2. Farmers see an increased demand for grain which helps to stabilize prices. 3. The quality of the environment improves. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced, and lead and other carcinogens (cancer causing agents) are removed from gasoline. 5. 2Chemistry Glucose (a simple sugar) is created in the plant by  photosynthesis. 6 CO2  + 6 H2O + light > C6H12O6  + 6 O2 During  ethanol fermentation,  glucose  is decomposed into ethanol and  carbon dioxide.C6H12O6  > 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2  + heat During combustion ethanol reacts with  oxygen  to produce carbon dioxide,  water, and heat: C2H5OH + 3 O2  > 2 CO2  + 3 H2O + heat After doubling the combustion reaction because two molecules of ethanol are produced for each glucose molecule, and adding all three reactions together, there are equal numbers of each type of atom on each side of the equation, and the net reaction for the overall production and consumption of ethanol is just: Glucose itself is not the only substance in the plant that is fermented. The simple sugar  fructose  also undergoes fermentation.Three other compounds in the plant can be fermented after breaking them up by  hydrolysis  into the glucose or fructose molecules that compose them. Starch  and  cellulose  are molecules that are strings of glucose molecules, and sucrose  (ordinary table sugar) is a molecule of glucose bonded to a molecule of fructose. The energy to create fructose in the plant ultimately comes from the metabolism of glucose created by photosynthesis, and so sunlight also provides the energy generated by the fermentation of these other molecules. Ethanol may also be produced industrially from  ethene  (ethylene).Addition of water to the double bond converts ethene to ethanol: C2H4  + H2O > CH3CH2OH This is done in the presence of an acid which  catalyzes  the reaction, but is not consumed. The ethene is produced from petroleum by  steam cracking. 5. 3Production Ethanol can be produced by various methods but the most commonly used in today’s world is by the method of fermentation and distillation of sugarcane, grains, corn etc. 5. 3. 1Ethanol from sugar cane The first stage in ethanol produ ction is to grow a crop such as sugar cane. The sugar cane of cut down and undergoes fermentation and distillation. 5. 3. 2FermentationCrushed sugar cane in placed in fermentation tanks. Bacteria in the tanks acts on the sugar cane and in time produce a ‘crude’ form of ethanol. This is then passed on to the ‘distillation stills’ where it is refined to a pure form. 5. 3. 3Distillation The impure/crude ethanol is heated in a ‘still’ until it vaporizes and rises into the neck where it cools and condenses back to pure liquid ethanol. The impurities are left behind in the still. The ethanol trickles down the condensing tube into a barrel, ready for distribution. When burned it produces fewer pollutants than traditional fuels such as petrol and diesel.Fig. 6 – Distillation process of impure/crude ethanol The production of petroleum is done by the fractional distillation of crude oil. 5. 3. 4Fractional Distillation The various components of cru de oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures; so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called  fractional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows: 1. You  heat  the mixture of two or more substances (liquids) with different boiling points to a high temperature.Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixture  boils, forming vapor (gases); most substances go into the vapor phase. 3. The  vapor  enters the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a loosened cap on a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. They increase the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column and  help to collect liquids that form at var ious heights in the column.There is a temperature difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top). 4. The  vapor rises  in the column. 5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, it  cools. 6. When a substance in the vapor reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substance's boiling point, it will  condense  to form a liquid. (The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column; substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column. ). 7.The trays  collect  the various liquid fractions. 8. The collected liquid fractions may  pass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or they may  go to other areas for further chemical processing Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with narrow differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process. The oil refining proc ess starts with a fractional distillation column. On the right, you can see several chemical processors that are described in the next section.Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. Many of them must be chemically processed to make other fractions. For example, only 40% of distilled crude oil is gasoline; however, gasoline is one of the major products made by oil companies. Rather than continually distilling large quantities of crude oil, oil companies chemically process some other fractions from the distillation column to make gasoline; this processing increases the yield of gasoline from each barrel of crude oil.Fig. 7 – Fractional distillation of crude oil 5. 4Air pollution Compared with conventional  unleaded gasoline, ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and  aldehydes. Gasoline produces 2. 44  CO2  equivalent  kg/l and ethanol 1. 94. Since ethanol contains 2/3 of the energy per volume as gasoline, ethanol produces 19% more CO2  than gasoline for the same energy. The  Clean Air Act  requires the addition of  oxygenates  to reduce carbon monoxide emissions in the United States.The additive  MTBE  is currently being phased out due to ground water contamination; hence ethanol becomes an attractive alternative additive. Annual Fuel Ethanol Production by Country (2007–2011)[2][64][65][66] Top 10 countries/regional blocks (Millions of U. S. liquid gallons per year)| World rank| Country/Region| 2011| 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| 1|   United States| 13,900| 13,231| 10,938| 9,235| 6,485| 2|   Brazil| 5,573. 24| 6,921. 54| 6,577. 89| 6,472. 2| 5,019. 2| 3|   European Union| 1,199. 31| 1,176. 88| 1,039. 52| 733. 0| 570. 30| 4|   China| 554. 76| 541. 55| 541. 55| 501. 90| 486. 00| 5|   Thailand| | | 435. 20| 89. 80| 79. 20| 6|   Canada| 462. 3| 356. 63| 290. 59| 237. 70| 211. 30| 7|   India| | | 91. 6 7| 66. 00| 52. 80| 8|   Colombia| | | 83. 21| 79. 30| 74. 90| 9|   Australia| 87. 2| 66. 04| 56. 80| 26. 40| 26. 40| 10| Other| | | 247. 27| | | Table 2 – Annual fuel ethanol production by country Table 2 – Annual fuel ethanol production by country | World Total| 22,356. 09| 22,946. 87| 19,534. 993| 17,335. 20| 13,101. 7| 5. 5AdvantagesEthanol has a higher octane number (113) than regular unleaded gasoline (87) and premium unleaded gasoline (93). Complete combustion: Ethanol molecules contain 35 percent oxygen, and serve as an â€Å"oxygenate† to raise the oxygen content of gasoline fuel. Thus, it helps gasoline burn completely and reduces the buildup of gummy deposits. Prevent overheating: Ethanol burns cooler than gasoline. Fuel Type| Ethanol| Regular Gasoline| Premier Gasoline| E10 Gasohol| E85 Gasohol| Energy Content (/Gallons)| 84,600| 125,000| 131,200| 120,900| 90,660| Table 3 – Energy content of fuelsEnergy content: As shown in Table 2, fuel et hanol contains around 33 percent less energy content than regular gasoline. The energy content of gasohol blends (E10 or E85) is determined by the energy content of ethanol and gasoline, and their ratio. Emissions from ethanol are about 48% of diesel; it is lowest of any of the fuels. â€Å"The clean burning characteristics extend turbine life, possibly by as much as 100%. † (K. K. Gupta 2010) 5. 6Disadvantages Loss of power and performance – Pure ethanol is over 100+ octane, and provides the fuel with much of its octane rating.Because Ethanol burns at a lower temperature than the older (MTBE) gas, boaters can expect to see a 2 to 3 % drop in RPM. â€Å"Use of ethanol in the pure state or as a blend would probably require replacement of any white metal or aluminum in the system as well as some elastomers. † (K. K. Gupta 2010) 6. References Hydrogen Journal Papers G. L. Juste (2006) Hydrogen injection as additional fuel in gas turbine combustor. Evaluation of eff ects. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31 (2006) 2112 – 2121 K. K. Gupta a,*, A. Rehman b, R. M.Sarviya b, (2010) Bio-fuels for the gas turbine: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 2946–2955 P. A. Pilavachi (2000), Power generation with gas turbine systems and combined heat and power, Applied Thermal Engineering 20 (2000) 1421 ±1429 Paolo Gobbato*, Massimo Masi, Andrea Toffolo, Andrea Lazzaretto (2010) Numerical simulation of a hydrogen fuelled gas turbine combustor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011) 7993- 8002 Nils Erland L. Haugena, Christian Brunhuberb and Marie Bysveena (2012) Hydrogen fuel supply system and re-heat gas turbine.Combustion Energy Procedia 23 ( 2012 ) 151 – 160 Website Pyromex ® Technology Description http://www. pyromex. com/index. php/en/pyromex-technology/technology-description Methanol & Power alcohol â€Å"A Special Report: Burning Tomorrow’s Fuels,† Power, S14-S15, Febru ary 1979. â€Å"Test and Evaluation of Methanol in a Gas Turbine System,† Southern California Edison Company, EPRI Report AP-1712, February 1981. â€Å"Methanol. Clean Coal Stationary Engine Demonstration Project. Executive Summary,† California Energy Commission, Report P500-86-004, February 1986. Methanol Power Generation – Demonstration Test Starts for a Power Source at Peak Demand† Japanese High-Technology Monitor, 5 April 1993. â€Å"Ethanol blended fuels† – Rex Weber 2003 of Northwest Iowa Community College in cooperation with the Iowa Corn Promotion Board. â€Å"Fuel Ethanol† – Zhiyou Wen, Extension Engineer, Biological System Engineering, Virginia Tech John Ignosh, Area Specialist, Northwest District, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Jactone Arogo, Extension Engineer, Biological System Engineering, Virginia Tech