Effects Of Child Death Rates On Children - 1211 Words

As a child, everyone remembers having to get shots. My first memorable experience with shots came at age four. I didn’t understand why I needed shots. All I knew was this sharp thing was going to be stuck in my arm and it was going to hurt. Before I got my four year old shots I received my first set of vaccines, vaccines that people are now claiming are dangerous. Research shows that child death rates have been reduced by more than half since 1990 due to vaccinations (Asia News Monitor). The vaccinations are given though out infancy and childhood to prepare the immune system against any possible outbreak of these potentially fatal diseases. Vaccinations involve an injection of, in most cases, an attenuated version†¦show more content†¦Both have reasons to believe what they do. It has been known that ever since the vaccines for diseases like diphtheria and measles were introduced in the twentieth century, the number of deaths related to these diseases decreased by more than 500 percent. On the other hand, the mid-twentieth century was also the time when such indicators as nutrition, sanitation and healthcare, and other important factors of spreading vaccine-preventable diseases have been greatly improved (McMahon-Pratt, 2005). It is rather difficult to objectively determine what influenced the decrease in the number of deaths – the invention of antibiotics in the 1940’s, the improvement of sanitation and healthcare standards, or the introduction of certain vaccines. Those opposing mandatory vaccination choose to believe that it was the first two factors rather than the third one. There are facts to support both versions. For example, death rates from the pertussis (whooping cough) declined from 12,000 deaths per year in 1905 to less than 1,000 deaths per year in 1950 – 12 times less. But as the pertussis vaccine was not widespread until late 1940’s, we can logically assume it obviously was not the vaccine that influenc ed the mentioned decrease. At the same time, since the vaccine was introduced and

Corruption And Its Effect On Economic Growth - 1487 Words

In this essay, I will present an argument against theories that propose that corruption may be beneficial to economic growth by presenting theoretical and empirical evidence that suggest otherwise. I will also discuss policies that will prove effective in eliminating corruption in developing countries. The international handbook on the economics of corruption defines corruption as the use of public resources to fund the private purposes. It usually involves the abuse of official power. Economic growth can be defined as increase in a country’s ability to produce output over a period of time (Investopedia, 2005). Although the consensus view in economic theory is that corruption has a negative impact on economic growth, there are instances where having a corrupt government has actually encouraged growth. These are instances where corruption is â€Å"economically expansionary Osterfeld (1992) . Leff (1964), has argued that some underdeveloped countries with a high level of bureaucracy and weak governance have been able to allocate resources more efficiently because of corrupt government officials. He argues that is because entrepreneurs and potential investors can sidestep the tremendous bureaucracy in these countries through the use of bribery (Leff, 1964). The Chinese economy in the 1980’s supports this theory because corruption acted as a means to â€Å"legalise enterprises† prior to Deng’s economic reforms. (Reyes, 2015). However both theoretical and empirical studies haveShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Corruption On Economic Growth1444 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst theories that propose that corruption may be beneficial to economic growth by presenting theoretical and empirical evidence that suggest otherwise. I will also discuss policies that will prove effective in eliminating corruption in developing countries. The international handbook on the economics of corruption defines corruption as the use of public resources to fund the private purposes. It usually involves the abuse of official power. Economic growth can be defined as an increase inRead MoreEffects Of Corruption On Economic Growth1753 Words   |  8 PagesCorruption has been seen as a major obstacle of rapid economic growth and development. It is a complex phenomenon whose roots lay in political and bureaucratic institutions and affects the economic growth of different countries. It makes the governments intervene where they do not need to, and it weakens the ability of the government to enact and implement policies in areas in which government intervention is needed. Over the years, the dispute of the economic consequences of corruption on economicRead MoreHow Corruption Has Proven Detrimental Effect On Business And Economic Growth1534 Words   |  7 Pagesand Ross (Corruption entrepreneurship) study, the effects of cor ruption on the number of establishments in any given municipality have proven to be negative and statistically significant. Over time, corruption has proven to be detrimental to business and economic growth and has long lasting negative effects (entrepernerushipbrazilmuncipalities, 69). Business growth slows or stops all together and only the state owned enterprises are able to persist through an economy riddled with corruption. These stateRead MoreCorruption Is Defined As The Appropriation Of Public Resources1549 Words   |  7 PagesCorruption is defined as the appropriation of public resources for private profit and other private purposes through the use and abuse of official power or influence (Smith, S, C and Todaro, M, P, 2012, P.546). Examples of how governments do this can be through collecting bribes for providing permits and licenses, for giving passage through customs or for prohibiting the entry of competitors (Shleifer, A and Vishny, R,W, 1993, P.599). Corruption varie s across different economies, which we will analyseRead MoreThe Causes Of The Overwhelming Civil War In Syria1183 Words   |  5 Pagesof most countries in the world. The crisis wakes the interest among researchers and induces them to take a close look at the effect of the crisis on the economic growth in Lebanon. Theoretical literature reviews. 1) Tourism: For Faysal Itani (2016) Lebanon tourism pays the price of the Syria’s war. It threatens the economic growth of the country. †¢ Several foreign countries (US, UK, Canada) place bans, formal or informal, on travel to Lebanon due to securityRead MorePublic Debt And Political Changes Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pages10 shows that, the sharp decline in the rate of economic growth occurred in 2011, the most reasonable explanation for that is the occurrence of 25th of January revolution. This low rate of economic growth continues during period of political instability below its potential growth rate, and it began to improve only after the 30th of June revolution and the partial regaining ofpolitical stability after presidential election in 2014. With economic growth rates that are below their potential rates it wasRead MoreCorporal Punishment in Schools1531 Words   |  7 Pagesimplement to be used, the number of strokes that may be administered, which members of staff may carry it out, and whether parents must be informed or consulted. Depending on how narrowly the regulations are drawn and how rigorously enforced, this has the effect of making the punishment a structured ceremony that is legally defensible in a given jurisdiction and of inhibiting staff from lashing out on the spur of the moment. The first country in the world to prohibit corporal punishment was Poland in 1783  [4]Read MoreCorruption in Indonesia946 Words   |  4 PagesCulture of corruption is deeply entrenched in Indonesian society and remains an ongoing challenge for Indonesia (Temple, 2001). Under Suharto’s regime, corruption was centralized in which the collection of bribes was dominated by government (Macintyre, 2003). In other words, individual officials were prohibited to maximize their personal gains (Temple, 2001). After the Suharto’s fall, Indonesia became more democratic and decentralized which were likely to confront corruption. However, corruption has gottenRead MoreIn Many Developing Countries, Corruption Is A Barrier To1371 Words   |  6 PagesIn many developing countries, corruption is a barrier to economic growth. Corruption can prevent the fair allocation of goods and services to citizens by trickling to aspects of everyday life. On a macroeconomic level, scholars are of the belief that corruption hinders economic growth and development (Mauro, 1995). Definition Corruption is often described as a cancer, one official simply referred to it as â€Å"the AIDs of democracy† (Johnston, 1996). Corruption has been defined in a variety of ways,Read MoreThe Relationship Between Democracy And The Gdp1215 Words   |  5 Pageson a country and it’s economic success. After exploring previous investigations between democracy and the economy, and creating an empirical research design to evaluate the relationship between the growth or decline of democracy and the economic well being of the country; the final crucial step is to analyze whether a relationship between the two exists. It is my hypothesis that in evaluating the data, it will show that as democracy increases, so does the economic growth of a country. In this

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger - 944 Words

Many people have different aspects and impressions on a teenager’s life. Some say society is the problem for their misbehaviours while others say it is the child who is responsible. Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger tells a story of a teenage boy named Holden Caulfield who gets kicked out from school to school. He never pushed himself in academics or anything and ended up failing, at most, everything. He re-tells what happened to him in New York after he got kicked out of Pencey Prep and secretly spends two nights in New York City. What is a misfit? A misfit is a person who is unable to adjust or fit into his or her current situation. While Holden surround himself with members of society who push Holden down throughout the story, he is a misfit in his own ways. Three important elements that cause him to become a misfit: not accepting his little brothers death, growing up, and backing out on reality. Holden has a couple of siblings in the novel one in particular who he keeps b ringing up is his little brother Allie who died of leukemia. Holden has had a hard time accepting his death. Allie and Holden were very close and Allies death affects Holden in a very negative way. He has a hard time letting his brother go; almost as if he does not want to forget and move on. My brother had this left-handed fielders mitt glove....youd have liked him (Salinger,38). Holden has to write a writing arrangement on any topic for his teacher Stradlater, and he picked AlliesShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger637 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, consists of many minor characters. There are more than about sixty characters in the novel in which only three of them are major characters (Holden, Allie, and Phoebe) and the rest minor. Many of these characters are just mentioned with no lasting impact on either the novel itself or Holden. Salinger uses minor characters in the Catcher in the Rye to tell the readers about Holden and his views about the world. The first minor character seen in the CatcherRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger654 Words   |  3 Pagesfirst questions that came to my mind when I received the first assignment notice that we would be reading The Catcher in the Rye for English class. The title is most likely the single most important word choice that the author must make. J.D. Salinger uses the title in the book to allude to more than just when Holden sees the young child singing. J.D. Salingers title, The Catcher in the Rye, alludes to the conflict Holden faces of sexuality when growing up. The first reference made to the titleRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1005 Words   |  5 PagesHolden Caulfield, the protagonist of J.D. Salinger’s classic coming of age tale The Catcher in the Rye, entices readers through his hyper-critical scrutinization of the post-war consumer world. The novel itself is acclaimed to be quite autobiographical; the similarities between Salinger and Holden are numerous. Holden is an avid critic of materialistic American ideals, and he aims to preserve innocence in others, and to save himself from falling into the land of adulthood. After failing out ofRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger862 Words   |  3 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye a novel written by J.D. Salinger, the book starts off with Holden Caulfield, main protagonist, talks about his experience alone the weekend before he went home after getting kicked out of Pencey Prep.Holden seems to be embracing the growing up mentality yet he is frighten of adu lthood he is trying to keep his innocence. Holden’s attitude toward life in general is perplexed. He pretends to be an adult by drinking heavily, yet he complains like a child. Holdens thoughts arentRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1515 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a very complex and interesting person to take into consideration and psychoanalyze. His various traits make him a different person from the rest of the phonies in the world. Holden says, â€Å"All you do is make a lot of dough and play golf and play bridge and buy cars and drink Martinis and look like a hot-shot. How would you know you werent being a phony? The trouble is, you wouldnt.† What Holden doesn’t realizeRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger798 Words   |  3 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Anyone who has lost a beloved relative to cancer or other illnesses can understand how difficult it is to return to a normal living routine and move on with their lives without the relative. In J.D. Salinger’s novel, Holden Caulfield has to deal with the loss of his younger brother to leukemia. A few years after his younger brother, Allie, passed away, Holden finds himself being kicked out of yet another boarding school, this one being Pencey Prep in Pennsylvania. HoldenRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1104 Words   |  4 Pages J.D. Salinger has written multiple novels, but his most famous is The Catcher in the Rye. Not only is this novel famous for its literary merit, it is also known as his most banned novel in certain schools. Even though this novel has been banned, J.D. Salinger’s themes and moralistic purposes serve literary worth. In The Catcher in the Rye, the reader is first introduced to Holden Caulfield, as first person narrator. He is a radically independent adolescent who tosses off judgments at ease unselfconsciouslyRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger983 Words   |  4 PagesCatcher in the Rye Essay Throughout Catcher in the Rye there are a lot of small parts of the story where it would be linked to the book and to the text all together. J.D. Salinger created a lot of important passages that would be associated with what type of message that he was trying to convey to the audience. Salinger would develop certain characters like Phoebe through her description and actions to have a influence on Holden, thus causing him to change as a character and reveal sides of himRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger507 Words   |  2 PagesJ.D Salinger is a very known american writer whose literature became very popular. His books revolved around many ideas such as his view on children. Children in many of his books have an innocence that Salinger grasps onto and makes adults corrupt. Also, he shows how children are teachers to adults but can still be foolish. Purity in children are expressed throughout many stories by Salinger. In Catcher In the Rye, Holden repeatedly expressed â€Å"Did you ask her if she still keeps all her kings inRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger667 Words   |  3 PagesIn a J.D Salinger novel, The Catcher in the rye interprets the adolescent world full of patience and misery. Holden Caulfield, hardly being the complete opposite of a typical protagonist. Instead, being the archetype of an anti-hero facing adolescent over anxiety. He is a teenager forced to grow up in a time of turmoil with severe emotional handicaps placed upon him by family, friends and life in general. Caulfield sets himself on such a journey and is portrayed as an individual on a quest for validation

Percenters free essay sample

Their History and beliefs Walking the streets of Harlem, New York were I reside, often times I and possibly many others, we may miss the little things such as a new street mural, a new clothing store down the street, or a new church around the corner. But in this case I want to talk about this run-down building, where a poster of hip-hop artists, and a picture of a black man, supposedly was God, where posted all over this property and as Its sign it said, Headquarters of the 5 Percent.Observing this, at once I had to ask questions f what this headquarters was about and what sort of relations it had with hip-hop artists of today. I had a fragment of Information on the 5 Presenters and I knew In finding more information I would have to research in-dept, therefore I knew picking this subject would be an excellent choice as my research topic. I will examine the history, beliefs, and teachings of the cult. 5 Presenters, rather be known as a culture and a way of life hates being called a religion or cult This sect, which was taken from the Nation of Islam, 5 Percent, also known as the Nation of Gods andEarth was established In Harlem In the late sass by Clarence XX. (Five Presenters, Nation of Gods and Earths). The name is taken from their belief that they are the selected five percent of humankind who live an honorable Clericals 2 Islamic life and by this they have manifested the right divine nature of the black man who is God or Allah. Thousands follow the teachings in Harlem, where the group began. And beyond In New England, California, the Midwest. Lance, who once believed and wanted to live the way of life as a 5 percent, and is also the person I interviewed, confirmed, 5 Presenters is accepted in the midst of many African- American male youth. Mainly In poor. Urban areas. Yet, this thinking Is taken In by the educated as well. Its recognition is help by many RB/Hip-Hop artists. Www-Tang, Eureka Baud, Busts Rhymes, Nas, Common, spread the word on CDC and radio. (Wilbur, Lance) The group was founded by Clarence XX (Clarence Cowards Smith), who is known by Five Presenters as Father Allah, Allah, or The Father. He is given these names because he made the teachings that created the basics of the Five-percent movement. Clarence XX was Initially a member of the Nation of Islam, attending Nation of Islam Temple 7 in Harlem, New York, where Malcolm X was a minister. Following his questioning about the theology of Wallace Farad Muhammad, who was a reverend and founder of the Black Nationalist movement the Nation of Islam (NON) (l am God, NON, and the Five Presenters), Clarence was disciplined by the group, and was immediately detached from affiliation.This separation led Clarence to teach his own version of NON beliefs. Clarence XX used the Nation of Salamis teachings to teach that any Black man could become God through living a life f righteousness and that people of other races could also become civilized people. He found success on the streets of Harlem and those who adjusted to his movement. As time pass, the Five Presenters gained a reputation as being an uncontrollable group of Black yout hs thugs, blamed for actions such as bank robberies and muggings. (The Department of Corrections calls them trouble. ) The Five Presenters also established a headquarters in Harlem, New York known as Allah School in Mecca. From the late sass until today, many Five Presenters are found in the midst of the East Coastlines Coast/Midwest cities of New Jersey, Chicago, New York City, Los Angles, and Philadelphia, mainly with the Hip-Hop scene. Hip-Hop artists such as, Www Tang Clan, Nas, AZ, Racism, Brand Nubian Nine( Perry, Main) and many others has spread the practice of the Five Presenters, using the coded language of Supreme Mathematics and the Supreme Alphabet.The Supreme Mathematics, a cycle of principles put together to the numbers 009, and the Supreme Alphabet, a number of principles linked with the letters of the Roman alphabet. Some of the Five-percent sews, that can be heard on hip-hop records is the belief that the Original Blackman is God, and that the Original Black woman is the planet Earth, and that through the inner unexplained power s of the Gods and Earths the youth can transform themselves and own their true potential. Blues, RB, Jazz and other types of popular music often borrow from spiritual customs to draw attention to the pleasure and pain of life. Hip Hop is no different in this respect. Several artists have included bits of 5 Percent philosophy in their songs. Watched MET recently? Ever sit-back and consider the terrible state of entertainment and popular culture as well as the flashy interests that drive what we see and hear daily? Suddenly, the information offered by the 5 Presenters begins to sound much more believable and noticeable. The union between Hip-Hop culture and Islamic Celeriac 4 doctrine was soon to happen. After the 5 Presenters were formed in Harlem, Bronx ex-gang member Africa Bombast organized the Universal Zulu Nation, originally known as The Organization.It is also known as an international hip hop awareness group, created among street gang members in New York City in the sasss; merging Hip-Hop culture with community outreach and social activism. As Mawkish, who has studied in-dept the relations of 5 Presenters and Hip-Hop, explains, Bam often quoted the teachings of Malcolm X and Marcus Graver as the fou ndation for the Zulu Nations working philosophy which contains hints of Afro-Islamic eastern spiritual tradition (Mawkish. Since early participants and associates of the Zulu Nation declare loyalty to the 5 Presenters, their expressions and beliefs eventually worked their way into the lyrics of more Hip-Hop songs of the ass and ass such as ( the lassie Islamic call to prayer at the intro of Brand Nubbins 1993 hit Allah U Kafka( Perry). Islam has played an important role in Hip Hop. By the ass, the mentioning of the 5 Percent Nation of Islam was popping up on albums, especially when the topic is social Justice. The idea of cultural, spiritual, or political development has always been an essential subject within Hip Hop.Knowing a spiritual emptiness in music and culture, 5 Presenters regularly told off 85 Presenters, who are believed to be those who are humble, deaf, dumb, and blind to all truth about the world, and for abandoning commercialism, present in Hip-Hop radar time to answer was, What are the requirements for membership? As he scratches his head, he answers nervously, The requirements of officia l membership in the Five Percent are Celeriac 5 still unclear to me. They do not have an organized membership, but they do refer to knowledge 120, 120 referring to their lessons originated by Elijah Muhammad and W.D. Farad. (Wilbur). This question of whether they have knowledge or understood these lessons appears to be very important. The difference between the Nation of Gods and Earths and Nation of Islam is more of a level than principle, it is important o know that the original division between the Nation of Islam and the Nation of God and Earth was Clarence saxs refusal to give into the religious studies of Elijah Muhammad, in this way Nation of Islam is like other unknown religions replacing Elijah Muhammad as the center of worship.The Nation of Gods and Earth states that they dont believe in a mystery God, but is rather a belief in a God or divine spirit in every Black or non-white person. Five Presenters sometimes refer to themselves as wizards or scientists. ( I am God, NO, and the Five Presenters) The religious advancement of a Five Percent is based on his/her recitation and memorization of several lessons written by Elijah Muhammad, as well as the Supreme Alphabet, and the Supreme Math ematics lessons written by Clarence XX. The basic teachings of the Nation of Gods and Earths are: That the science of Supreme Mathematics is the key to understanding humankinds relationship to the universe. That black people are the mother and father of civilization. That black people are the original people of the planet Earth. As explained by Lance, Adam and Eve were Gods first creation ND the bible does not reveal what was the color of their Celeriac 6 skin. [Genesis 2]. That education should be fashioned to enable Blacks to be self- sufficient as a people. That Mathematics written by Clarence XX is the true Black culture and that it is the science of everything in life. That the Blackman is God and his proper name is Allah standing for Arm, Leg, Leg, Arm, Head. That education should be fashioned to enable Blacks to be self-sufficient as a people. That each individual should teach another individual according to his/her knowledge. That he unified Black family is the vital building block of the nation. That children are the link to the future and they must be nurtured, respected, loved, protected, and educated. (Five Presenters, Nation of Gods and Earths). Do they have an official brand or symbol used to represent 5 Presenters? , Lance reminisced to his past lessons to remember the Five Percent Nations Universal Flag, is the groups official trademark, it includes a moon, sun, and star and the number 7. Based on their principles, it represents the African-American family as: 7- represent the number of completion, or 360 degrees.Sun- the male and giver of light and moon- female reflector of light. (Wilbur, Lance) Though the Nation of Gods and Earths uses many terms that are the same to those used by traditional Muslims and have individuals between them who refer to themselves as Muslims, the Five Presenters and traditional Muslims have very little in common. As Five Presenters do not eat pork, Curran (holy book of Islam), such as assign prayer rituals, prohibitions against smoking, drinking, clothing, and other requirements.Celeriac 7 The Five-percent unacceptable to this has been their belief that they are not a elisions movement and that as God themselves, the only one they must submit to is self, which in Islam would be considered a irreligious theory and a violation of the most important Islamic code of beliefs, as it is a sin to relate any human being or object with God. To hav e a conversation with a member of the Five Percent about Christianity is pretty difficult, Lance was reveling to me. They have been taught to avoid any form of religion and are not able to express their position in a usual way. It is difficult to get them to think logically and critically although you can become restated because they would honestly claim that their thinking is very clear, informed and logical Lance stating Jokingly. A recent Justice Department report proposed that major religious movements such as 5 presenters also including many other brands of Islam increases in prisons. The American prison system was also known as the training ground for them including Malcolm X who was converted to the Nation of Islam in prison. Many other movements have used this model of prison conversion.The Nation of Gods and Earths have fought and won a many court cases, o be allowed to continue their prison ministry. The line between religious cults and prison gangs is often hard to make. In the article titled, The Department of Corrections calls them trouble, they were several arguments stating the fact many prison officials across the country, finds the Five Presenters group simply a violence- prone black supre macist prison gang. (They call themselves Five Presenters) Speaking of violence, many articles or books have argued that as 5 Presenters they are not that type of people are civilized.They emphasis the fact that they are not Celeriac 8 Eileen people and are not a hate group. But instead they teach Justice, freedom, and fairness to all the human families of the planet Earth. 5 Presenters also believe with the knowledge at hand, they will discontinue violent behavior that is taking place among young people. The group has always been viewed as the most aggressive Islamic group because they are young and win converts preaching racial realization with a strong inner-city manner of speaking. With doing this research and learning more about 5 Presenters, I can now give my own views or thoughts on them.Is there ally Hip-Hop gods walking among us? And by including messages inspired by Islam within their lyrics, 5 Presenters will consumed every youth or adults today. I feel when it all comes down it is a battle between good and evil, and as Christians it our choice to be part of the Hip-hop society, or not. While most Hip-Hop artists continues its decent into the fiery deep hole, the Gods and Earths of the 5 Percent Nation are to rescue us, from what defines todays entertainment industry. Clearly, members of the 5 Percent Nation of Islam are not soul keepers, but are trouble for Hip-Hop culture.

Academic Essay Dominion of Canada

Question: What finally pushed these separate colonies together to seriously discuss Confederation with the goal of making one common country:Canada? Answer: Introduction The separate colonies of Canada signed a treaty in 1867 to become the Dominion of Canada. The reasons for the formation of the dominion can be attributed to be both political and economic. The expansion of US towards the west and beyond to the Pacific was described by OSullivan as the Manifest Destiny. During the period the US went to wage many wars both expanding in the north as well as the south. People living in Canada believed that the US wanted to spread its traditions towards the North. The American civil war of 1861 hastened the formation the confederacy. The United States and the Russian minister signed an agreement on 30th March 1867, whereby Russia sold Alaska to the US for a price of $7.2 million. The treaty was viewed as an expansion process by the Canadians. The treaty underlined how the US viewed the formation of a united British North America. The Fenians belonged to the Fenian Brotherhood was an Irish republican organization. The group had leaders like John O Mahony and Michael Doheny (Senior, 1991). The most important task of the brotherhood movement was to pressurize Britain to free Ireland. The Fenians believed that by engaging the British Army in Canada they will be able to tie them down (cbc.gov, 2016). This would help their Irish counterparts to wage a war with England and thus gain independence. The Fenians raided Canada five times from 1866 to 1870. The last raid on Canada was done by John O Neill in 1870. He believed that his 6000 men would be enough for the Canadian forces. The Fenian forces were for most part Irish veterans who had taken part in the American Civil wars. The reciprocity treaty was signed between US and Great Britain on 5th June, 1854. The treaty eliminated the customs tariffs between the two countries. The treaty related to trade of fisheries and reciprocal trade (Haynes, 1892). The politicians of British North America understood the importance of Railways (Marsh, 2016). The province of Canada in 1841 was a large area which had a huge potential for trade. But this trade suffered due to poor road conditions and also because of the fact that the waterways froze for more than five months of a year. The Champlain and Saint Lawrence Railroad was the first railways in Canada. It ran from La Prairie to St. Johns. It opened in 1836. For trade purposes (coal) a rail road was opened in 1839. It transported coal from the Albion Mines to the Dunbar Port. The great western railway was sanctioned by the Canadian and United States with a loan of 200,000. Thus we find that the influence of the American Civil War and USs expansion into the north prompted the Canadian states to sign the treaty. The Canadians had already built the railways which they thought will be helpful in the event of a war. Moreover the Americans ended the Reciprocity treaty in 1865. Thus the different states signed the treaty to form a confederation so that they could stop the America from growing in the north. References Haynes, F. (1892). The Reciprocity Treaty with Canada of 1854. Publications of the American Economic Association, 7(6), 7-70. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2485728 Marsh, J. (2016). Railway History. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 November 2016, from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/railway-history/ Senior, H. (1991). The last invasion of Canada (1st ed.). Toronto [Ont.]: Dundurn Press in collaboration with Canadian War Museum, Canadian Museum of Civilization. The Fenians. (2016). Cbc.ca. Retrieved 29 November 2016, from https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPCONTENTSE1EP8CH2PA3LE.html